famous biological psychologists famous biological psychologists

His main conclusions center around the importance of the social environment for the successful enculturation of the growing child, which in turn is crucial to the childs success and happiness in life. Bounded rationality is the idea that, not only are human actors constrained by emotional factors such as irrational aversions and prejudices, they are simply not very good at reasoning correctly about certain kinds of situations (especially ones involving probabilities). While his ideas were often controversial, his concept of the unconscious mind has had a deep and lasting influence on psychology. While Spelke supports the idea that many or most of our cognitive abilities have an innate, or biological, foundation, after long empirical study she has concluded that there is no evidence for any systematic biological difference between males and females with respect to any of the several cognitive capacities underlying general mathematical ability (numerical reasoning, spatial reasoning, logical reasoning, etc.). Descartes also elaborated on a theory in which the pneumatics of bodily fluids could explain reflexes and other motor behavior. (Edge, 2013). As such, it is an academic discipline that is unique in the way it straddles the sciences (natural and social) and the humanities. Mischel is most closely associated with the claim, originally made in his 1968 book Personality and Assessment, that personality traits are highly context-dependent, and that the notion there is a stable personality which manifests uniformly over time and across varied social contexts, as previously believed, is a myth. The indefatigable author or co-author of over 600 peer-reviewed articles and the author, co-author, or editor of some two dozen technical books, Beck is one of the most highly esteemed and influential psychiatrists of the twentieth century. All other life circumstances (education, marital status, financial status, etc.) Subsequent studies demonstrated similar abilities in newborns within the first hour after birth. There is also common sense and street smarts, involving the capacity to adapt to, and fluently and successfully interact with, the natural, man-made, and social environments. Haidt is the author or co-author of more than 100 peer-reviewed journal articles and book chapters. Psychology 101. Tomasellos research has been focused on the question of what makes human beings so different from all other animals. He is perhaps best known for his multiple components model of working memory (the Baddeley Model), in which working (or short-term) memory is further analyzed into a central executive component and certain slave systems under its control, for example, the so-called phonological loop, which allows us to rehearse complex linguistic information to maintain its availability for working memory, and the visuo-spatial scratchpad, which stores information about the physical environment for use in the construction of mental maps. In particular, he has studied subjects ability to manipulate in their imagination representations of three-dimensional objects projected onto a plane-a task called mental rotation. She is the recipient of numerous awards, prizes, and honorary degrees. A biological psychologist performs several responsibilities in their job role, including: Conducting research studies on human sensory processes. 2748. ", Thorndike, Edward. This research was conducted mainly to throw light on how the brain functions in natural environments; however, mental rotation tasks have become a standard part of psychologists cognitive assessment toolkit (such as intelligence tests). Buss is the author or co-author of more than 200 peer-reviewed journal articles, and the author, co-author, or editor of some dozen books. In later years, Fahrenberg took an interest in the way in which subjects belief systems, attitudes, and assumptions about human nature interact with elements of personality, as well as, conversely, the way in which philosophical assumptions and concepts impact the theory and practice of psychology professionals. The recipient of a large number of awards, grants, fellowships, consultancies, board membership appointments, invited lectureships, and honorary degrees, as well as numerous presentations, lectures, talks, and radio and television interviews directed towards popular audiences, Zimbardo is a Fellow of the American Psychological Association (APA), the American Psychological Society (APS), and the American Association for the Advancement of Science(AAAS). He has also been heavily involved in the field of psychological measurement, having helped design a number of widely used tests, including the Childrens Test of Nonword Repetition (CN REP), the Speed and Capacity of Language Processing Test (SCOLP), and the Rivermead Behavioural Memory Test(RBMT). The focus of Tulvings research has been the human memory system. Another protocol that Posner has played a crucial role in popularizing within the cognitive psychology community is the so-called subtractive method, which basically attempts to decompose a complex cognitive task into a sequence of simpler operations by comparing the effects of the presence and the absence of a given operation. Mechanistically, the brain constructs such optimal predictive models by calculating the errors in a stimulus sequence as the difference at each step between the predicted signal and the signal actually received. Szokolszky has published numerous peer-reviewed journal articles and book chapters, both in Hungarian and in English, many with the aim of making her countrymen better acquainted with the discipline of ecological psychology. He received his Ph.D. in 1959 from Stanford University, where his dissertation advisor was Leon Festinger. ISBN links support NWE through referral fees. Through all these methods, biological psychology is a hopeful domain, one that has much to offer in terms of improving the quality of life of the healthy as well as those suffering from disorders. In other words, the hippocampus seemed to store a schematic map of the animals environment. Trust Monday to help you streamline your schoolwork and enhance the quality of . The recipient of grants, fellowships, and other honors too numerous to mention, in 2016, Bandura was awarded the US National Medal of Science. After all, we humans cannot help being curious about ourselves-about what makes us tickand these 50 individuals are acknowledged experts in precisely that topic. In philosophy, the first issues is how to approach what is known as the "mind-body problem," namely the explanation of the relationship, if any, that obtains between minds, or mental processes, and bodily states or processes. Dr. John Martyn Harlow, a biopsychologist in the 1800s, is most known for his work with Phineas Gage. The Little Albert Experiment, 1920. Correlatively, Pargament has identified four attitudes toward religion on the part of psychotherapists: rejectionists, who disdain religion and refuse to recognize any therapeutic value in it; exclusivists, who regard religion as an essential component of therapy for everyone regardless of belief; constructionists, who are willing to incorporate religion into therapy, but who deny the objective existence of transcendent (or any other) reality; and pluralists, who recognize the reality of the transcendent, but also acknowledge the validity of different approaches to it. Berridge was born in 1957. She has also been deeply involved in developing new methods for studying the emotions, notably the experience sampling method, which is an effort to quantify and measure the quality of everyday life. The recipient of numerous awards, grants, fellowships, lectureships, and honorary degrees, in 2013 Gopnik was elected a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. Kahneman was born in 1934 in Tel Aviv, in what was then the British Mandate of Palestine and is today the State of Israel. In developing her ideas, she came to characterize male morality as primarily rule-based and focused on the individual as the primary bearer of rights and duties and as the locus of judgments of moral desert; whereas women, she held, reason morally from a care perspective that is primarily concerned with empathy and compassion, and focused on needs, relationships, and group interests. Shepard was born in Palo Alto, California, in 1929. In a nutshell, Gergen imported into social psychology the doctrine of social constructivism, which originated in such fields as linguistics (Edward Sapir, Benjamin Whorf), sociology (Alfred Schtz, Peter Berger), anthropology (Franz Boas, Alfred Kroeber, Clifford Geertz), and philosophy (Thomas Kuhn, Nelson Goodman, Michel Foucault). Barrett (ne Feldman) was born in Toronto, Ontario, Canada, in 1963. (OKeeffe went on to win the 2014 Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine for his contribution to this research.) As he summarizes the point: Less is expected of the young, and in turn less is received. Breedlove, S. M., M.R. Davidson is famous for espousing Buddhist traditions of mindfulness and meditation as important empirical phenomena worthy of scientific investigation, as well as important techniques for achieving inner peace and spiritual growth. 1: Attachment. Albert Bandura | Social Psychology Bandura was born in Mundare, Alberta, Canada, in 1925. 3. He also taught social anthropology at Cambridge. Criminologists look at the causes, consequences, and control of criminal acts, and by considering both the individual, and wider societal influences, seek to find ways to prevent crime. research methods, psychodynamic, humanism, cognitive psychology, behaviorism, and biological psychology. Kurzbans own work has been very wide-ranging, drawing on insights from social psychology, cognitive psychology, and experimental economics, in addition to evolutionary theory. As the great economist John Maynard Keynes famously said: He might just as well have said psychologist. Ekmans careful empirical investigations in this field laid the groundwork for the recent development of the field of affective neuroscience. In another example, Ekman has done extensive work on the differences between spontaneous (genuine) and simulated (deceptive) emotions which may be detected in facial expressions. The method of electrolytic lesions involves the destruction of neural tissue by the use of electric run through. Lewis, all of whom areAmericans. A Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, she was invited to give the Jean Nicod Lecture for 2009, entitled Sources de la connaissance humaine [Sources of Human Knowledge], at Frances Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique(CNRS). Educational psychology is a subfield in psychology focusing on learning, teaching, cognitive development, and other psychological aspects in the classroom setting. The author or co-author of some 475 peer-reviewed journal articles and book chapters, Baddeley is also the author, co-author, or editor of some half dozen books. Haidt was born in New York City in 1963. He did not deny the reality of a fundamental underlying personality altogether, but claimed that its expression is highly complex, and best characterized in terms of contextualized, conditional (if-then) patterns of behavior. 30. Likewise, the injection of 2-deoxyglucose prior to some behavioral task can be followed by anatomical localization of that chemical; it is taken up by neurons that are electrically active. British anthropologist James George Frazer is best known for his book The Golden Bough, which details his study of ancient cults and myths. More specifically, he believes that the characteristically human way of life was made possible by our ability to direct the attention of group members jointly on a single, collective purpose. Her findings are quite general and apply to hierarchical organizations of all sorts; for example, her work has elucidated ways in which physician-patient communication may influence clinical outcomes. While it has been severely criticized on both methodological and ethical grounds, the Stanford Prison Experiment remains one of the most famous in the history of psychology, and is still considered a valuable demonstration of the ease with which ordinary, psychologically normal individuals may be induced to behave pathologically by their social circumstances. To cite this article click here for a list of acceptable citing formats.The history of earlier contributions by wikipedians is accessible to researchers here: The history of this article since it was imported to New World Encyclopedia: Note: Some restrictions may apply to use of individual images which are separately licensed. However, the studies Ekman has carried out to back up these claims have come under sustained criticism. Csikszentmihlyi popularized this idea in his 1990 best-seller, Flow: The Psychology of Optimal Experience. Olton, J.T. The recipient of innumerable grants, awards, fellowships, lectureships, and honorary degrees, in 2001 Linehan received the Distinguished Scientist Award bestowed by the Society for a Science of Clinical Psychology, an affiliate of the American Psychological Association(APA). It was only after these experiences that he decided to pursue his higher education in psychology, as already outlined above. In addition, he is considered to be the father of neuromarketing, a discipline which uses fMRI and other technology to study how prospective consumers respond to advertisements and other marketing stimuli. (Connectionism, as it relates to cognitive psychology, is the idea that the form of computation employed by the mind is massively parallel, distributed processing-as opposed to the serial processing used by an ordinary laptop.) She decided to learn all about the human psyche and obtained her B.S . Alternate titles: physiological psychology. Eleanor Rosch, Principles of Categorization [PDF], in Eleanor Rosch and Barbara B. Lloyd, eds., Cognition and Categorization. Socio- Cultural Psychology. While biological psychology is a broad field, many biological psychologists want to understand how the structure and function of the nervous system is related to behavior ().As such, they often combine the research strategies of both psychologists and physiologists . He concludes with a list of seven crucial factors present in such situations, including notably anonymity and diffusion of personal responsibility. Zimbardo was born in New York City in 1933. She is currently Distinguished Professor of Social Ecology at the University of California, Irvine, where she also holds appointments as Professor of Cognitive Science and Professor of Law. He also found that, while cognitive development is of course dependent upon many important factors in the childs environment, it is nevertheless quite robust in the sense that early delays may be reliably compensated for later once the environment impediments to normal development are removed. In Gergens relational view of the self, for example, our sense of self is wholly dependent upon the scope for social action afforded us by our place in society. Kahneman received his bachelors degree in psychology and mathematics in 1954 from the Hebrew University of Jerusalem. with our physical limitations in mind, so too ought we to design our social world of educational, financial, legal, and political institutions with our cognitive limitations in mind. Through his many students, honorary lectures, prizes, and fellowships, Gilberts ideas have won widespread recognition from his peers, while his bestseller, Stumbling on Happiness, as well as his many popular essays, television appearances, and TED talks, have carried his message effectively to a very broad popular audience. Kahneman and Tversky made a special study of the irrational bias they called loss aversion-the common feeling that it is better to avoid losing something than it is to gain the same thing. The soul has fled from the cultural battlefield where modern science has carried the day, leaving behind, at best, an ineffable entity we call the mind-which is itself little more than a will-o-the-wisp hovering over the three pounds of pulpy gray matter inside the skull like a ghost lingering about a graveyard long after the funeral. During the early part of his academic career, Goleman arranged for several extended stays in India and Sri Lanka, in pursuit of his interest in Asian traditions of meditation. Lesions can be placed with relatively high accuracy thanks to a variety of brain "atlases" which provide a map of brain regions in three-dimensional stereotactic coordinates. Biological psychology has its roots in early structuralist and functionalist psychological studies, and as with all of the major perspectives, it has relevance today. In The Blank Slate (2002), Pinker widened the discussion to include the ramifications of our inborn biological nature more generally, by looking at the history of the nature/nurture debate and arguing vigorously that since the balance of the scientific evidence weighs heavily in favor of nature, scientists ought to be at the forefront of efforts to ameliorate the human condition. He suggested replacing Bowlbys single-causal-factor model with a multivariate analysis of vulnerability factors. Moreover, he rejects the ideal of rationality usually associated with the social sciences, pointing out that such ideals themselves derive from particular historically and culturally bound structures. Famous Psychologists Addiction Addiction Treatment Theories Aversion Therapy Behavioural Interventions Drug Therapy Gambling Addiction Nicotine Addiction Physical and Psychological Dependence Reducing Addiction Risk Factors for Addiction Six Stage Model of Behaviour Change Theory of Planned Behaviour Theory of Reasoned Action ". Famous Biological Psychologists Jon Schull is a well-known biological psychologist, but he's not the only one! Thus, we must look to social and cultural factors to explain the disparity observed in the mathematical interest and attainment between the sexes. Gardner has close to 500 peer-reviewed journal articles and book chapters to his credit, not to mention several hundred op-ed pieces, essays, blog posts, and other articles aimed at a popular audience. Other topics she has first researched during her academic career, and then presented to a broad audience during her career as a freelance writer, include the debunking of pop-psychology myths (such as the Freud-inspired myth that it is better to express ones anger than to hold it in check) and the role that cognitive dissonance plays in our mental economy (often causing us to reject new evidence that does not fit in with our current beliefs). However, she ended up taking a license (bachelors degree) in psychology from that university in 1996, and a doctorate-also in psychology and also from the University of Zurichin 2000. Wundt, better known as the father of psychology, has made unique contributions in the field of cognitive psychology. He received his bachelors degree in social relations in 1965 at Harvard College, where he came into contact with Erik Erikson. This article abides by terms of the Creative Commons CC-by-sa 3.0 License (CC-by-sa), which may be used and disseminated with proper attribution. He is a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences and a Member of the American Association for the Advancement of Science(AAAS). He was the first qualified doctor of medicine and founding father of psychoanalysis. In later work, Nadel put forward what became known as the multiple trace theory of memory, according to which the hippocampus remains the principal neural structure involved in storage and retrieval of episodic memory (recall of events we have experienced), while semantic memory (recall of linguistically mediated facts, such as, for Americans, the significance of the year 1776) is based in the neocortex. He soon moved to the U.S. and earned his MA in 1951 and PhD in 1952 at the University of Iowa. In addition to receiving numerous awards, grants, fellowships, lectureships, and honorary degrees, in 1985 Rutter was named a Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE), and in 1987 he was appointed a Fellow of the Royal Society(FRS). He eventually published an elegant theory employing simple Bayesian principles, which proved to be one of his most influential papers. Through a variety of research methods, psychologists in this field hope to uncover information that enriches human understanding of their own mental processes, as well as providing valuable data that enable those in medical fields to better treat patients with a variety of disorders, both physical and mental. Biopsychology has been a prominent field of psychology from the start in Europe and North America and remains a major area of research and instruction in many countries. This is a classic method in which neural activity is enhanced by application of a small electrical current (too small to cause significant cell death). Rosch is the author or co-author of many peer-reviewed journal articles and book chapters, and the co-author or co-editor of two books. 250 (1990), pp223-8. He is also the author, co-author, or editor of more than a dozen books. The term "psychobiology" has been used in a variety of contexts, but was likely first used in its modern sense by Knight Dunlap in his book, An Outline of Psychobiology (1914). 5. The implications of her research for eyewitness testimonyupon which our entire criminal justice system is basedare obvious and troubling. The word psychology literally means the study of the soul (from the Greek: , or psukh). Another result from her experimental studies was the notion that hierarchical taxonomic structures (for example, chair/furniture) are not arbitrary, but built up out of a bottom layer of most-basic elements. Pergaments field of specialization has been the role of religious belief in psychological health and coping with stress. In other work, Diener has found that subjective well-being has measurable positive effects on health and longevity. Biological psychology as a scientific discipline later emerged from a variety of scientific and philosophical traditions in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. He obtained his masters degree in psychology in 1955 and his Ph.D. in psychology in 1959, both from Yale University. Arielys work draws on insights from biological and cognitive psychology, on the one hand, and economics, on the other-in a burgeoning new field that has come to be known as behavioral economics. The extravagant antlers of the extinct Irish elk are often cited as a case in point. Tavris was born in Los Angeles, California, in 1944. This became known as the marshmallow test after a favorite treat used by investigators. biological psychology, also called physiological psychology or behavioral neuroscience, the study of the physiological bases of behaviour. [3] Avicenna also gave psychological explanations for certain somatic illnesses, and he always linked the physical and psychological illnesses together. Lewis also conducted research into the interaction between breathing and emotion, which resulted in a new form of breath-control therapy (Bo-tau) for controlling anxiety, phobic responses, and panic attacks.