To some extent, competition amongst these companies undermined their collective position vis--vis, local merchants. In 1958 exportation of Nigerian oil was initiated at facilities constructed at Port Harcourt. [53] The first five heads of the Nigeria Department (18981914) were Reginald Antrobus, William Mercer, William Baillie Hamilton, Sydney Olivier, and Charles Strachey. [74] The disease first found its home among the many trading ports along the West African coast. Borno capitulated without a fight, but in 1903 Lugard's RWAFF mounted assaults on Kano and Sokoto. [52], The territory of the Royal Niger Company became the Northern Nigeria Protectorate, and the Company itself became a private corporation which continued to do business in Nigeria. Accordingly, as the volume of trade increased, merchants requested that the Government of the United Kingdom appoint a consul to cover the region. Its final leg enabled it to meet another line, constructed 19071911, running from Baro, through Minnia, to Kano. The legitimate trade in commodities attracted a number of British merchants to the Niger River, as well as some men who had been formerly engaged in the slave trade but who now changed their line of wares. Hausa was recognised as an official language in the north, and knowledge of it was expected of colonial officers serving there. The first missions were opened by the Church of England's Church Missionary Society (CMS). This scheme proved unpopular and confusing to many involved parties and was phased out. The traders suffered from the risks of their position and believed they were at the mercy of the coastal rulers, whom they considered unpredictable. What Britain Did to Nigeria: A Short History of Conquest and Rule by Max Siollun Hurst, 20, 408 pages Join our online book group on Facebook at FT Books Caf Letter in response to this article: Lugard, replacing Egerton as Governor, aborted the project in May 1913. Britain also encouraged the formation of the Muslim League of India in 1907. A constabulary force was raised and used to pacify the coastal area. Newspapers, some of which were published before World War I, provided coverage of nationalist views. The British turned to Persia for oil.[83]. Lord Lugard recorded a huge success mainly because he used the highly developed traditional system of administration that was already in existence in the Northern Nigeria. Political activists in the southern areas spoke of self-government in terms of educational opportunities and economic development. Lagos was the first part of Nigeria to be conquered and declare a British colony in 1861. Nigeria: A Country Study. In time, they built depots onshore and eventually moved up the Niger River to establish stations in the interior. Elliot J. Berg, "The Development of a Labour Force in Sub-Saharan Africa"; France sold Louisiana to the United States, Learn how and when to remove this template message, Military history of Nigeria during World War II, National Council of Nigeria and the Cameroons, discovery and exploitation of petroleum deposits, "The Nigeria (Constitution) Order in Council, 1954", "Gombe-Abba: Historic emirs' town ruined by the British", A Very Bloody Transaction: Old Calabar and the Massacre of 1767, The Impact of the Slave Trade on African Economies, "Managing Epidemic: The British Approach to 19181919 Influenza in Lagos", "The Nigerian Victory Against The 1918 Influenza Pandemic and 1897 Smallpox Epidemic", "African Pentecostalism and the 1918 Influenza Pandemic: The Supernatural Amid the Fearful and Implications for the COVID-19 Pandemic", "The influenza pandemic of 191819 and the spread of cassava cultivation on the lower Niger: a study in historical linkages", Google Cultural Institute: Birth of the Nigerian Colony, 18511914, South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands, Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Colonial_Nigeria&oldid=1136412842, Former British colonies and protectorates in Africa, 1914 establishments in the British Empire, 1960 disestablishments in the British Empire, States and territories established in 1914, States and territories disestablished in 1960, Short description is different from Wikidata, Pages using infobox country or infobox former country with the flag caption or type parameters, Pages using infobox country or infobox former country with the symbol caption or type parameters, Articles needing additional references from July 2019, All articles needing additional references, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0. [72] In the south, he saw the possibility of building an elite educated in schools modelled on a European method (and numerous elite children attended high-ranking colleges in Britain during the colonial years). [54] Olivier was a member of the Fabian Society and a friend of George Bernard Shaw. Although Azikiwe later came to be recognised as the leading spokesman for national unity, when he first returned from university training in the United States, his outlook was pan-African rather than nationalist, and emphasised the common African struggle against European colonialism. During the 1880's through 1914, the start of WWI, was an age of imperialism. Though the Europeans possess many considerable settlements both upon the coast of Africa and in the East Indies, they have not yet established in either of those countries such numerous and thriving colonies as those in the islands and continent of America. [42], The British had difficulty conquering Igboland, which lacked a central political organisation. factors that led to the british conquest of nigeriacan low magnesium kill you. Davies and Nnamdi Azikiwe. It backed Yoruba irredentism in the Fulani-ruled emirate of Ilorin in the Northern Region, and separatist movements among non-Igbo in the Eastern Region. [11][12], In 1900, the British Government assumed control of the Southern and Northern Protectorates, both of which were ultimately governed by the Colonial Office at Whitehall. The proliferation of labour organisations fragmented the movement, and potential leaders lacked the experience and skill to draw workers together. [] These intermediaries assisted government diplomacy and helped to establish and maintain relations between the company and the traditional rulers. Significantly, Macauley's NNDP remained almost entirely a Lagos party, popular only in the area whose people already had experience in elective politics. Under the Political Department of the Civil Service were Residents and District Officers, responsible for overseeing operations in each region. In an economy with many qualified applicants for every post, great resentment was generated by any favouritism that authorities showed to members of their own ethnic group. Joining the Royal Niger Company in 1894, Lugard was sent to Borgu to counter inroads made by the French, and in 1897 he was made responsible for raising the Royal West African Frontier Force (RWAFF) from local levies to serve under British officers. [11], The British led a series of military campaigns to enlarge its sphere of influence and expand its commercial opportunities. The history of external colonisation of Africa can be divided into two stages: Classical antiquity and European colonialism. Independent Christian churches had emerged at the end of the nineteenth century. [67], This system, in which the structure of authority focused on the emir to whom obedience was a mark of religious devotion, did not welcome change. by | Jun 15, 2022 | north node conjunct neptune synastry | greek mythology son falls in love with mother | Jun 15, 2022 | north node conjunct neptune synastry | greek mythology son falls in love with mother Missionary forces demanded prohibition of liquor, which proved highly unpopular. Men These include the fact that military conscription (draft) of numerous African colonial subjects into European armies generated great amounts of anger. Not wishing to appear out of control or weak, they approved the expedition (two days after it began) on 19 January 1903.,[47] In general, the Colonial Office allowed Lugard's expeditions to continue because they were framed as retaliatory and, as Olivier commented in 1906, "If the millions of people [in Nigeria] who do not want us there once get the notion that our people can be killed with impunity they will not be slow to attempt it."[48]. Mordi, Emmanuel Nwafor. 979 Words. Macbeth) in the essay title portion of your citation. Africans also were represented on the Lagos Legislative Council, a largely appointed assembly. Although realistic in its assessment of the situation in Nigeria, the Richards Constitution undoubtedly intensified regionalism as an alternative to political unification. Most of the fighting was done by Hausa soldiers, recruited to fight against other groups. Until he stepped down as Governor-General in 1918, Lugard primarily was concerned with consolidating British sovereignty and with assuring local administration through traditional rulers. Beecroft was the British representative to Fernando Po, where the African Slave Trade Patrol of the Royal Navy was stationed. Unification meant only the loose affiliation of three distinct regional administrations into which Nigeria was subdividedNorthern, Western and Eastern regions. By an overwhelming majority, voters in the Southern Cameroons opted to join formerly French-administered Cameroon over integration with Nigeria as a separate federated region. From Lugard's point of view, clear-cut military victories were necessary because the surrenders of the defeated peoples weakened resistance elsewhere. Economic competition among these "houses" was so fierce that trade often erupted into an armed battle between the crews of the large canoes. Balewa formed a coalition government that included the Action Group as well as the NCNC to prepare the country for the final British withdrawal. ", Tamuno, T. N. (1970). The federal government retained specified powers, including responsibility for banking, currency, external affairs, defence, shipping and navigation and communications, but real political power was centred in the regions. [57], Egerton also supervised improvements to the Lagos harbour and extension of the local telegraph network. The political parties jockeyed for positions of power in anticipation of the independence of Nigeria. . In 1916 Lugard formed the Nigerian Council, a consultative body that brought together six traditional rulersincluding the Sultan of Sokoto, the Emir of Kano and the Oba of Beninto represent all parts of the colony. Its architecture was in both Victorian and Brazilian style, as many of the black elite were English-speakers from Sierra Leone and freedmen repatriated from the Empire of Brazil and Spanish Cuba. One 1885 treaty read: We, the undersigned King and Chiefs [] with the view to the bettering of the condition of our country and people, do this day cede to the National Africa Company (Limited), their heirs and assigns, forever, the whole of our territory [] We also give the said National African Company (Limited) full power to settle all native disputes arising from any cause whatever, and we pledge ourselves not to enter into any war with other tribes without the sanction of the said National Africa Company (Limited). Africans come from Africa. Some African Christian communities formed their own independent churches. By the 1870s the Niger trade was becoming profitable, and a few French companies took notice. To start with, European nations were motivated by economic factors arising from the industrial revolution which started in Britain and extended to other European countries such as Belgium, France and Germany (Hochschild, 158).They wanted cheaper mineral resources for their home industries claiming that resources were abundant in Africa for Similar status was acquired by the Northern Region two years later. The Action Group, which staged a lively campaign, favoured stronger government and the establishment of three new states while advocating the creation of a West Africa Federation that would unite Nigeria with Ghana and Sierra Leone. In the Northern Region, the colonial government took careful account of Islam and avoided any appearance of a challenge to traditional values that might incite resistance to British rule. The company interfered in the territory along the Niger and the Benue, sometimes becoming embroiled in serious conflicts when its British-led native constabulary intercepted slave raids or attempted to protect trade routes. THE FULANI CONQUEST AND RULE OF THE HAUSA KINGDOM 235 from 1804, the date of the Hegira. The nationalism that became a political factor in Nigeria during the interwar period derived both from an older political particularism and broad pan-Africanism, rather than from any sense among the people of a common Nigerian nationality. In 1905, the colonial government divided Bengal into Hindu and Muslim sections; this division was revoked after strong protests. In consideration of the foregoing, the said National African Company (Limited) bind themselves not to interfere with any of the native laws or customs of the country, consistently with the maintenance of order and good government [and] agree to pay native owners of land a reasonable amount for any portion they may require. . God, Gold, and Glory. Despite his somewhat successful efforts to enlist non-Yoruba support, the regionalist sentiment that had stimulated the party initially continued. They received attention from major parties before elections, at which time either a dominant party from another region or the opposition party in their region sought their alliance. The seven men who governed Northern Nigeria, Southern Nigeria and Lagos through 1914 were Henry McCallum, William MacGregor, Walter Egerton, Ralph Moor, Percy Girouard, Hesketh Bell and Frederick Lugard. Christian missionaries were barred, and the limited government efforts in education were harmonized with Islamic institutions.[67]. The NPC platform emphasized the integrity of the north, its traditions, religion and social order. oriented. It assumed that comparable alterations would be made elsewhere, an attitude that won the party minority voting support in the other regions. Bello wanted to protect northern social and political institutions from southern influence. In the immediate post-World War II period, Nigeria benefited from a favourable trade balance. Earlier elements related to this were its founding of the Sierra Leone Colony in 1787 as a refuge for freed slaves, the independent missionary movement intended to bring Christianity to the Edo Kingdom, and programs of exploration sponsored by learned societies and scientific groups, such as the London-based African Association.
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