J. N. Smith. Animal Imagery. Purchasing Wed love to have you back! Discount, Discount Code At the beginning of the play, Iago argued that he ought to have been promoted based upon his worth as a soldier, and he expressed bitterness that [p]referment goes by letter and affection, / And not by old gradation (I.i.3536). Students love them!, Requesting a new guide requires a free LitCharts account. (one code per order). It ties all three females together: Barbary, the servant, Desdemona, and Emilia, another servant. You'll be billed after your free trial ends. During this time, he also builds bridges with many of the other characters, before deceiving and betraying them. However, this isn't war that Othello is in, and things are not as clear-cut in personal battles and politics. Act 1 Scene 1. Predisposed to numerous rumors, Othello rages at Desdemona more and more. This famous line uttered by Iago, I am not what I am, most probably was considered blasphemy by the Elizabethan audience. The handkerchief symbolizes different things to different As the first character to speak, we assume Roderigo will be a significant player, yet we aren't . Renews March 10, 2023 PDF downloads of all 1699 LitCharts literature guides, and of every new one we publish. Since the handkerchief was the first gift Desdemona Instant PDF downloads. Othello Act II Review. Jealousy Jealousy is what appears to destroy Othello. In a way, the handkerchief becomes a shared property in the play. For Othello, it is something which bears the history of his lineage as it comes down through his mother from 200 years with sacred ingredients which helps maintain fidelity. | Your privacy is extremely important to us. Cassio mourns the demise of his "reputation" above all else. The free trial period is the first 7 days of your subscription. Animal references also convey the idea that the characters act based on the rules of nature. He does not refer to him besides the Moor or without using animal imagery. Many critics were wondering what the effect of The Willow Song and the interruptions to it is. Othello's self-consciousness is apparent in these words to Desdemona. The handkerchief appeared on the floor after Othello rudely pushed it away, thinking about his wifes betrayal. Iago warns Othello about Brabantio's anger, but Othello is confident in his own strength and in his love for Desdemona. SparkNotes LLC. And when I love thee not, chaos is come again." Foreshadowing. Contact us Students can find guides on how to improve their writing and academic performance in general, get useful tips on making their study process more efficient, or learn how to deal with particular issues. But, Iago continues, the obvious first choice for Desdemona will be Cassio, whom Iago characterizes over and over again as a knave (II.i.231239). The way the content is organized, Would not have made it through AP Literature without the printable PDFs. Jealousy leads to Othello's degradation and ultimate downfall. First, as a way to remember her mistress, but also as a way to accept her female destiny. Thus, the initial meaning lying behind the handkerchief is virginity and purity. Othello connects his madness with planetary proximity to the earth and its effect on him. The Willow Song in Othello represents many things. We can help you with everything! Thus, the ocular proof is found. Othello considers all of his men in Cyprus to be friends, since they are allies; this is another example of Othello's confusion between the worldly and the personal spheres. The rest of The Odyssey characters are either an obstacle or an assistant for the hero of the story. Later on, though, it becomes a symbol of infidelity and cuckoldry. This phrase shows the nature of God, who is self-sufficient and constant. The significance of red is love, red strawberries like red hearts on the love token handkerchief, and like the red stains from Othello and Desdemona's first night of love on the marriage sheets. Thanks for creating a SparkNotes account! These mutually exclusive symbols and meanings create an atmosphere of ambiguity in the play. March 3, 2023, SNPLUSROCKS20 However, Othellos attitude towards the handkerchief changed. For Desdemona, it serves as a symbol of Othellos love for her. Besides, in the last scene, Lodovico refers to Iago as a snake. Though Iago is married, he does not have as favorable an impression of women as Cassio does. The thematic significance of Iagos statement I am not what I am reveals Iagos changing and, in a way, diabolic nature that is in direct opposition to Gods goodness and stability. This hyperbolic metaphor once again shows the way that Lady Macbeth has affected Macbeth's state of mind and made him feel severe regret. Iago begins his attempt to corrupt Cassio in this act, by trying to get him to admit to impure thoughts about Desdemona. Vows that "he is not what he seems", and he will seek revenge against the Moor. You can click on the individual products to see more details. act scene lines iago and he, then, that says play the villain, when this advice is free give Shakespeare adjusted the verses to fit Desdemonas gender and tragic circumstances. ensure the integrity of our platform while keeping your private information safe. He is convinced that he has power over everyone else. Since the handkerchief was the first gift Desdemona received from Othello, she keeps it about her constantly as a symbol of Othello's love. There are a lot of secondary symbols in Othello. He behaves like a predator. The storm marks the end of the peaceful part of the play, a signal that Iago's mischief is about to begin. Iago says: The Moor is of a free and open natureand will as tenderly be led by the noseas asses are.. Roderigo. comes to see it as a symbol of Desdemona herselfher faith and chastity. This handkerchief can be viewed as a symbol of Othello's relationship with Desdemona. A terrible sense of foreboding makes Desdemona song the Willow Song. His use of the terms "purchase" and "profit" make it seem like Othello is trying to make his diction suitable for the crowd listening to him, and his tone is also less personal and more declarative. Model Paragraph Roderigo's character in Othello is somewhat of an enigma. The plot of Othello itself reminds readers of The Garden of Eden. When Desdemona drops the object, Emilia picks it up and gives it to Iago. Such a metaphor proves his mercilessness and wickedness. Just as every character has their own manner of speech and expression, Cassio has a very polished, courtly way of speaking, especially of ladies. https://ivypanda.com/lit/othello-study-guide/symbols/, IvyPanda. Sing willow, willow, willow.Sing all a green willow must be my garland.Let nobody blame him, his scorn I approveHe was born to be fair, I to die for his love,I calld my love false love but what said he then? Being confronted by Othello, Desdemona explains that Cassio: She did not lose the handkerchief, nor she gave it away. In the very first act of Othello, Iago is using it in his conversation with Brabantio in an attempt to dehumanize Othello and convince Desdemonas father to act out of anger. Iago tells the despondent Roderigo that Desdemona will soon grow tired of being with Othello and will long for a more well-mannered and handsome man. Therefore, in this context, the handkerchief reflects the spouses sincere feelings and marital fidelity. Iago tries to scare Brabantio by making an analogy about Desdemona and Othellos sexual intercourse. What does it mean? " Othello claims that he got the handkerchief from his mother. In the play, Desdemona sings this song while changing the bedsheets. Save over 50% with a SparkNotes PLUS Annual Plan! My students love how organized the handouts are and enjoy tracking the themes as a class., Every teacher of literature should use these translations. Iago wants to see Cassio discredited, so that he may take Cassio's place as lieutenant. Here is where the readers can trace the symbolism of the wedding sheets in Othello. More books than SparkNotes. This article was developed by the editorial team of Custom-Writing.org, a professional writing service with 3-hour delivery. In his works, Shakespeare used a lot of literary devices to add more interest to the stories. $18.74/subscription + tax, Save 25% Every article is well-structured and easy to navigate, so everyone will find what theyre looking for in an instant. In the next scene, he reinforces this image by saying: make the Moor thank me, love me, and reward me for making him egregiously an ass.. It is arguable that would he pay more attention to his duties as a General as opposed to his wife, Iago wouldn't be given so much freedom to wreck havoc. Then, he continues: youll have your daughter covered with Barbary horse.. The Odyssey is an epic poem by Homer, in which he incorporated history and Greek mythology. Moor, she was chaste.She loved thee, cruel Moor.. $24.99 This attitude towards people of a different race was called scientific racism. Free trial is available to new customers only. The play extinguishes the external threat with almost ridiculous speed. taking possession of it, he is able to convert it into evidence Symbols The HandkerchiefThe handkerchief symbolizes different things to different characters. Shakespeare often uses different locations to represent mindsets. Iago manipulates the handkerchief so that Othello on 2-49 accounts, Save 30% Just a few moments before Desdemona dies, while she prepares to go to sleep, she mentions The Willow Song to Emilia. Refine any search. By the end of the play, he desires nothing but revenge. IvyPanda. Iago then gives a soliloquy about knowing that Desdemona will speak for Cassio, and that he will be able to turn that against them both. Renews March 11, 2023 Iago resents Cassio for being promoted ahead of him, and Cassios promotion is likely due to his higher class status. An example of it would be Iago: there were several instances when he said something different from his intentions. Do you want to understand all the aspects of one of William Shakespeares most famous works Othello for your essay writing? Othello most probably made up this version of the origin of the handkerchief to test Desdemona. | Having a multifaceted nature, it symbolizes various things and leads to many deaths. TO CANCEL YOUR SUBSCRIPTION AND AVOID BEING CHARGED, YOU MUST CANCEL BEFORE THE END OF THE FREE TRIAL PERIOD. Iago notices that Cassio takes Desdemonas hand as he talks to her, and, in an aside, Iago plots to use Cassios hand-holding to frame him so that he loses his newly gained promotion to lieutenant. Why does Othello care about Desdemonas handkerchief. Trying to satisfy Iago, she steals it from Desdemona. Hates Othello because he was passed over for Lieutenant. Originally, the handkerchief was made by an old female prophet. Desdemona tries to present an ocular proof of her loyalty. Thus, he emphasizes Iagos evil nature. By signing up you agree to our terms and privacy policy. A Third gentleman enters to decry the end of the war; "News lads! This phrase later parallels Desdemonas final words: Nobody, I myself. GradeSaver, 29 September 2014 Web. "Symbols." Members will be prompted to log in or create an account to redeem their group membership. In this hierarchy, humans were considered superior to animals. Previous At that moment, Othello calls for blood and revenge. Contact us CASSIO 'Fore God, an excellent song. Hence, for Emilia, the handkerchief is a symbol of betrayal. In a way, he believes himself to be God-like. Some critics even say that the handkerchief in Othello is the most dominant symbol in the entire play. I know our country disposition well;/ in Venice they do let heaven see the pranks/They dare not show their husbands; Their best conscience/ Is not to leave't undone, but keep't unknown. It shows that Iago is always one step ahead of everyone. Once again, Iago closes the act with a speech addressed to the audience; although Othello is the title character, and his dilemma is central to the play, Iago is even more central to the events of the play, and to the audience. The path of the handkerchief in Othello starts before the audience sees Othello and Desdemona. Critical Essays The themes of The Odyssey impress with their diversity and pertinence. Just like the devil, who turned into the serpent and used Eves curiosity to make her eat the forbidden fruit, Iago turns into Othellos loyal friend to make Othellos passionate nature work against him. Our literature guides will become an irreplaceable helper in discovering and deep studying of the most renowned written works. Complete your free account to request a guide. Desdemonas whiteness is constantly juxtaposed with Othellos blackness. When Othello breaks up the quarrel, he asks, "are we turn'd Turks" (II.iii.170). However, at some point in the play, the symbol of love becomes proof of Desdemonas infidelity. It becomes undeniable when Iago describes Othellos personality. Desdemona that it was woven by a 200-year-old Desdemona talks to Emilia about the significance of The Willow Song while they are changing the bedsheets. The tragedy of character, love, and trust still finds its relevance in the world of today. She may have been so afraid to lose it because it would mean an end to their marriage. When she hears that Cassio and Othello's ships lost contact during the storm she worriesbut just then Othello's ship is spotted arriving at Cyprus. Othellos animal imagery helped underline the differences between the central characters. Bullet Journal for Students: Guide, Tips & Ideas, Being a Successful Online Student: 6 Must-Have Skills [Infographic], Meeting Deadlines: A Comprehensive Guide [Tips & Infographic], First Aid Kit for College Students: The Complete Guide, Soft Skills for Success: Identifying, Developing, & Selling, Online Degrees: Ultimate List & Tips for Studying, Organize Your Study Space: 9 Tips to Make Your Environment Perfect for Studying, Mindfulness for Students: 5 Benefits & 6 Techniques, Staying Safe Online: 6 Threats, 9 Tips, & 1 Infographic, Negotiation Skills Explained: Tips & Success Strategies. Thanks for creating a SparkNotes account! Reality. He is obsessed with the poisonous plant because the kind of ideas and feelings he exposes through his manipulations will eventually bring pain and death. This is an unconditionally easy means to specifically acquire lead by on-line. Iago on the other hand is a very bitter, jealous man who sets out for the title of lieutenant and stops at nothing to get his wish. Some wine, boys! used it to keep his father faithful to her, so, to him, the handkerchief It reveals her loneliness and acceptance of her fate, betrayal and hurt. Act II - Scene I. The most dominant symbol circulates through the play since its Othello's love token to Desdemona. In Othello, darkness reflects the internal qualities of the characters. In the play, there are forty-five mentions of animals or beast creatures. It is crucial to analyze them as well to get a full understanding of the play. For the first time, this object appears in the play when Desdemona offers it to Othello, and he rejects it. For instance, he calls his wife a minx, a small dog, or a way to refer to a beautiful woman who likes attention. For Bianca, it symbolizes jealousy and passion. You'll be able to access your notes and highlights, make requests, and get updates on new titles. Want 100 or more? from your Reading List will also remove any As his suspicions grow, his speech becomes more and more derogatory towards Desdemona. Just invest tiny period to read this on-line broadcast Othello Study Guide Act 1 Pdf as competently as review them wherever you are now. Cassio takes Desdemona away to speak with her privately about Othellos arrival. Joseph Ward May 31, 2014; Christine McKeever ed. The enormous success of this literature piece can be explained by the numerous issues raised in the poem. When Othello got married to Desdemona, he presented the handkerchief to his wife as a love token. Want 100 or more? Othello uses plant metaphors as well. The idea is that what happened in the Cyprus never would happen in the civilized city of Venice. While earlier, he was telling that an Egyptian charmer had presented it to his mother. A+ custom essay "Symbols." Just $13.00 $10.40/page, and you can get an custom-written academic paper according to your instructions. IvyPanda, 3 Oct. 2022, ivypanda.com/lit/othello-study-guide/symbols/. The banter between Iago and Desdemona creates a nervous, uncomfortable atmosphere, in part because their levity is inappropriate, given that Othellos ship remains missing. To Desdemona, the song seems to represent a melancholy and The duke and the senators discuss the movements of the Turkish fleet and conclude that its target is, indeed, Cyprus. 1. Handkerchief The significance of red is love, red strawberries like red hearts on the love token handkerchief, and like the red stains from Othello and Desdemona's first night of love on the marriage sheets. What from the cape can you discern at sea? Montano asks, and the gentleman replies, Nothing at all. SparkNotes.com. By entering your email address you agree to receive emails from SparkNotes and verify that you are over the age of 13. It represents Desdemonas purity and virginity. The Willow Song is one of the essential symbols in Othello. Dont have an account? It was the first gift he gave her, and is therefore the most crucial symbol of their love. Cassio greets them all, especially praising Desdemona; somehow, Iago and Desdemona enter into an argument about what women are, and Iago shows how little praise he believes women deserve. In Othello, nature serves as an example of meaningful imagery as well. Her primary focus is Othello, and she does not need any external affirmation of their love for one another. Iago mentions the promotion to Roderigo, to convince him that he hates Othello; but Iago also cites his suspicions that Emilia and Othello have had an affair as another reason for his enmity. The object turns into a tool in the execution of Iagos plan and, ultimately, into an ocular proof of Desdemonas affair. Instead, he says that her napkin is too little. It can refer to three things. Option 1: Paper. Left alone onstage again, Iago explains his actions to the audience in a soliloquy. Desdemona states that this song was on her mind all night long. The Handkerchief The handkerchief symbolizes different things to different characters. Nevertheless, with the progress of the storyline, the handkerchiefs meaning loses its high moral value. Renew your subscription to regain access to all of our exclusive, ad-free study tools. Cassio tries to find a villain in all that has happened; "invisible spirit of winelet us call thee devil" (II.iii.282-283). One of such devices is foreshadowing. It symbolizes the tragic destiny of a woman that has to live in a male-dominated society. The readers first hear the song from Desdemona in act 4, scene 3. At that moment, Emilia takes the tissue. Othello gives two different stories about the origin of the handkerchief. This section contains thematic guides on a variety of literary pieces. IvyPanda. Symbols and Themes in Othello. He is able to persuade Roderigo of Cassio and Desdemona's attachment by painting an innocent gesture as a sign of familiarity; yet, all the power that is in his words is in their interpretation, for Iago is also able to say everything and nothing at once, depending on the inclination of the hearer. Products. According to Othellos stories, the dye was extracted from the hearts of mummified virgins. Get LitCharts A + The Handkerchief In European medieval and renaissance love poetry, the handkerchief is typically a symbol for a woman's romantic favor. Othello says, "But I do love thee! . In the Elizabethan era, there was a common belief that African descendants were less intelligent than Europeans. and any corresponding bookmarks? Symbols are central to understanding Othello as a play and identifying Shakespeare's social and political commentary. October 3, 2022. https://ivypanda.com/lit/othello-study-guide/symbols/. Storms are always of great significance in Shakespeare; here, the storm is a symbol of unrest and the discord to come. Most probably, the second story is true. Iago speaks to Roderigo, convincing him that Desdemona will stray from Othello, as she has already done with Cassio. You may cancel your subscription on your Subscription and Billing page or contact Customer Support at custserv@bn.com. Members will be prompted to log in or create an account to redeem their group membership. SparkNotes Plus subscription is $4.99/month or $24.99/year as selected above. "The chidden billow seems to pelt the clouds; The windshaked surge, with high and monstrous mane,." See in text (Act II - Scene I) In a clever instance of the pathetic fallacy, the interaction between the storm and the sea is described through the metaphor of a battle. When Othello comes back to his senses, he calls himself: A peak of Othellos animalistic behavior happens in the bed-chamber scene when Othello smothers Desdemona. In this section, well explore some of the most crucial examples of imagery in Othello. By applying suitable metaphors, Shakespeare lets the readers fully understand each characters nature. Desdemonas handkerchief is one of the most complex Othello symbols. But, Iago continues, if he is unable to get his revenge by sleeping with Desdemona, Roderigos accusation of Cassio will make Othello suspect his lieutenant of sleeping with his wife and torture Othello to madness. For Iago, Othellos open nature is a weak point that can be exploited. It symbolizes a shift in Othellos personality. Having a different skin color, he looks suspicious in the eyes of Venetians. Iago himself tells us that he will make a mountain out of the molehill represented by Cassios holding of Desdemonas hand. Once again, Desdemona establishes herself as an outspoken and independent womanshe does not depend upon her husbands presence either socially or intellectually. resigned acceptance of her alienation from Othellos affections, and He even throws in a bizarre parenthetical suspicion that Cassio might also have slept with his wife (II.i.294). Desdemona derives from its importance to Othello himself. Thus, the lack of Othellos human qualities plays a detrimental role in his wifes fate. Desdemona changes the words, indicating that she takes the blame for her own death. So, dying over Desdemonas deathbed, Emilia sings this song. Othello essays are academic essays for citation. Your group members can use the joining link below to redeem their group membership. Beginning in Act 1, Scene 1, Iago introduces the animalistic imagery. O inhuman dog! (act 5, scene 1). October 3, 2022. https://ivypanda.com/lit/othello-study-guide/symbols/. Analysis: Act II, scenes i-ii. For instance, Desdemona misremembers the line: Let nobody blame him; his scorn I approve.. Iago's next plot is to convince Othello that Cassio is having an affair with Desdemona, Othello's wife. on 50-99 accounts. When the Moor sees his wife lying in her bed, his animalistic traits outweigh human ones. The epilepsy episode symbolizes Othellos complete estrangement from who he used to be at the beginning of the play. Later he starts using animal metaphors while talking about her. Not long afterward, Iago makes fun of Roderigo for being base (meaning lower class), even though the play does not indicate that Roderigo is, in fact, of lower status than Iago (II.i.212). For instance, telling Brabantio about the marriage, Iago refers to Othello as a Barbary horse. In contrast, Desdemona is described as a beautiful creature. Moreover, Iago calls Othello old black ram, while Desdemona is a white ewe (act 1, scene 1). Indeed the Turks are the enemy in Cyprus, but it is interesting that Othello uses language that conveys otherness. According to Othello 's stories, the dye was extracted from the hearts of mummified virgins. When Othello becomes completely poisoned with jealousy, he compares Desdemona with, A cistern for foul toadsTo knot and gender in!. This device helps the audience to fully grasp the meaning of the play and what the author tries to say. Symbols. Like Act I, scene ii, the first scene of Act II begins with emphasis on the . William Shakespeare and Othello Background. The desperate tempest hath so banged the Turks that their designment halts." Good vs. evil is a major theme in the play, though there is a great deal of gray area; though Iago is the villain, everyone else has some blemish on their natures which makes them easily corruptible, and not entirely deserving of the label "good". Moreover, the animals can be perceived as the symbols of jealousy in the play. Such red on white is private and dear to the heart of Othello, and he expects it to be similarly dear to his wife. The candle that Othello blows out before he kills Desdemona symbolizes her life. I went to a store to buy some food since I didn't eat in the morning and I was really hungry. The symbolism in Othello can help you with that! Later in Act 4, Othello says that Desdemona can sing the savageness out of a bear and that she has crocodile tears. These animal symbols essentially become jealousy symbols that show Othellos lack of trust towards Desdemona and his changing attitude towards her. Desdemona plays along, laughing as Iago belittles women, whether beautiful or ugly, intelligent or stupid, as equally despicable. The audience, which knows the original willow song, immediately recognizes this inclusion. I went to Mcdonald's to get a big trio. On the shores of Cyprus, Montano, the islands governor, watches a storm with two gentlemen. Detailed quotes explanations with page numbers for every important quote on the site. You'll also receive an email with the link. on 2-49 accounts, Save 30% IvyPanda. PDFs of modern translations of every Shakespeare play and poem. The fact that it is done through the song and not through a soliloquy shows that two women are still learning how to be free in a world dominated by men. Iago also tries to coax Cassio's feelings about Desdemona, and make her seem tempting to him; but his intentions are innocent and friendly, so this approach fails. They spot a ship coming forth; but Iago, Desdemona, and Emilia are on it, not Othello. October 3, 2022. https://ivypanda.com/lit/othello-study-guide/symbols/. Detailed explanations, analysis, and citation info for every important quote on LitCharts. The setting has changed in this act by the setting now being Cyprus. In the soliloquy that concludes Act II, scene i, Iago once again explains quite clearly what he intends to do, despite his comment that his plan is yet confused (II.i.298). to that of the woman in the song; she even died singing Willow. This symbolism of blood portrays the devastating effect that Lady Macbeth has on Macbeth. TO CANCEL YOUR SUBSCRIPTION AND AVOID BEING CHARGED, YOU MUST CANCEL BEFORE THE END OF THE FREE TRIAL PERIOD. Did you know you can highlight text to take a note? In fact, he was talking about the changeability and fickleness of women that drive men crazy and make them act stupid. She was suffering from tough love and ultimately died singing the Willow Song. He exposes inner fears and causes his victims to harm themselves and others. He mercilessly strangles Desdemona with the pillow, not realizing his fatal mistake. So, when Iago uses animal imagery to refer to others, he is implying their innate inferiority. Read more about the plays preoccupation with the ability of language to conceal truth. It is a high-wrought flood (II.i.12). The emphasis on the limitations of physical sight in a tempest foreshadows what will, after Act III, become Othellos metaphorical blindness, caused by his passion and rage. It is as though Iago mocks the audience for attempting to determine his motives; he treats the audience as he does Othello and Roderigo, leading his listeners by th nose / As asses are [led] (I.iii.383384). She believed that it helps to make the family members faithful to each other. For Emilia, her desire for a happy marriage and subjection to her husband. In Desdemonas song, Shakespeare also alters the words and includes lines. For Othello, the handkerchief symbolizes their marriage bond, love, and Desdemonas purity. Language and Style This is also evoked when Macbeth asks, "will all great Neptune's oceans wash this blood from my hand". According to Iago, there is something bestial and animalistic about Othello ("The old black ram"); he's base and beastly, somehow beneath everyone else in Venice because of his North African heritage. This continues in Iago's soliloquies. However, he cannot kill Desdemona twice: her life is too fragile and gentle. Iago says this to Othello. Hope lifts as voices offstage announce the sighting of a sail offshore, but the new ship turns out to be carrying Iago, Emilia, Desdemona, and Roderigo. If you don't see it, please check your spam folder. How does Iago use Bianca to trick Othello? Just like poor Barbary, Desdemona sings the song about her sad destiny, which she chooses to accept but hopes to change. Right after making my order and picking up my food, I saw an old woman looking from the inside the fast food. IvyPanda. Montano and others come, and Iago entertains them with small talk and song; soon, Cassio is drunk, and Roderigo has approached. Wed love to have you back! . In each case, the animal language is connected to prejudice Free trial is available to new customers only. He tells to start your free trial of SparkNotes Plus. The song goes, The poor soul sat sighing by a sycamore treeSing all a green willow.Her hand on her bosom, her head on her kneeSing willow, willow, willow.The fresh streams ran by her, and murmerd her moansSing willow, willow, willow;Her salt tears fell from her and softned the stones.
Alcoholic Slush Recipes For Slush Machine, Articles S