The U.S. conquest of the Philippines, coupled with the multi-nation Boxer intervention in China, prompted Twain to become an outspoken critic of America plunging into what he denounced as the European Game of overseas expansion. The campaign met with fierce resistance and saw the introduction of concentration camps as an extreme maneuver against the Boer defenders. Brandishing the flag of Civilization, Britannia leads white troops and settlers against native forces under the banner of Barbarism.. The violence applied to these aims both in bodily harm and cultural ruin was only part of the hypocrisy. The caption, titled The First Duty, carries this subtitle: Civilization (to China)That dragon must be killed before our troubles can be adjusted. 83-108 (2006). - Pages. The White Mans Burden (Apologies to Rudyard Kipling). Victor Gillam,Judge, April 1, 1899. And the third was the anti-foreign Boxer Uprising in China in 18991901, which led to military intervention by no less than eight foreign nations including not only Tsarist Russia and the Western powers, but also Japan. Save the republic : Anti-imperialist leaflet no. Please use the following steps to determine whether you need to fill out a call slip in the Prints In 1901, occupation forces roamed the countryside to pillage, loot, and hunt for Boxers. Matthews, Roy T. Britannia and John Bull: From Birth to Maturity.The Historian,Vol. ***, Topic: History 125 Virtual Edition L'humanit de nos soldats est admirable et ne se lasse pas malgr la frocit des Bors (Rapport officiel au War Office. 8, No. Good Will to Nobody.Life, January 4, 1900, Source: Widener Library, Harvard University, UnlikePuckandJudge, Life was often highly critical of U.S. overseas expansion. the Library of Congress because of rights considerations, but you have access to larger size images on A Rival Who Has Come to Stay. By the end of 1898, a succession of U.S. military successes and territorial acquisitions reinforced the image of the United States standing side by side with Great Britain in bringing civilization and peace to the world. This cartoon is a virtual poster, or an emblem, of the colonialist mentality of the day. N.Y.: J. Ottmann Lith. The large Map of the United States and Neighboring Countries is dotted with U.S. flags marking newly-acquired territories. Missionary zeal extends to a threat unfurled in a banner carried by the choir of women, Come and be saved; if you dont , The Advance Agent of Modern Civilization. Udo Keppler,Puck, January 12, 1898. Turning to China, his stinging indictment extended beyond the two Anglo powers to target the Kaisers Germany plus Tsarist Russia and France. In some cases, a surrogate (substitute image) is Retrieved from the Library of Congress, . (Some images display only as thumbnails outside such as microfilm or copy prints? John Bull Good 'evins! The Origins of the Boxer War: A Multinational Study(London, New York: RoutledgeCurzon, 2003). The Stranger: How long have you been civilized? In his right hand Rhodes holds a pith helmet with a rifle slung around his right shoulder. Source:Theodore Roosevelt Center at Dickinson State University, By 1901, John Bull and Uncle Sam were bogged down in prolonged overseas wars at a cost, here, the "Philippine War $80,000,000 yearly" and the "Boer War 16,000,000 yearly." Imperialists Uncle Sam, John Bull, Kaiser Wilhelm, and, in the distance, probably France are borne on the backs of subjugated people in the Philippines, India, and Africa. When applied to people and cultures, the survival of the fittest doctrine gave wealthy, technologically-advanced countries not only the right to dominate backward nations, but an imperative and duty to bring them into the modern world. Verified questions. Includes bibliographical references and index. ", From the Cape to Cairo. From the Cape to Cairo / Keppler. As the cartoon record of these turn-of-the-century years repeatedly demonstrates, moreover, it was taken for granted by the imperialists that the people on whom they were bestowing the light of civilization were literallyand often grotesquelyof various shades of darker complexion. N.Y.: J. Ottmann Lith. Other materials require appointments for later the same day or in the future. The Rhodes Colossus by Lalo Vzquez - Prezi Vebers series, Les Camps de Reconcentration au Transvaal, begins with the cover image Le Silence, in which a veiled woman holds her finger to her lips, standing over the remnants of what appears to be an electric fence and a plow that suggests the earth has been tilled to bury evidence. 301-314 (2010). [Read Online], Vaughan, Christopher. 77-99 (2011). Lifes satire of the white mans burden mystique offers a procession of the supporters of the new imperialism beginning with missionaries and ending with the traveling salesman. Colonial success is equated with chivalry and invincibility., A Union in the Interest of Humanity Civilization. Harpers Weekly later echoed the classroom scene with a cover captioned Uncle Sams New Class in the Art of Self-Government. The class is disrupted by revolutionaries from the new U.S. territories of the Philippines and Cuba, whose vicious fight brands them as barbarously unfit for self-rule. In the U.S., pro-imperialist graphics created the image of robotic, unstoppable American soldiers stomping on foreign lands and towering over barefoot savages. Britain leads the way in this harsh rendering, shouldering the burden of China, India, Egypt, and Soudan. The United States staggers behind carrying grotesque racist caricatures labeled Filipino, Porto Rico, Cuba, Samoa, and Hawaii.. and Photographs Reading Room to view the original item(s). Accusations of atrocities against civilians on the ten-day march to Beijing were made in first-hand accounts of the mission. On May 1, the U.S. Navy scored its first major victory in foreign watersfar from assured given the weakness of the American fleet at the timeby defeating Spanish warships defending their longtime Pacific colony in the Battle of Manila Bay. In its final issue for 1899a time when the U.S. suppression of Filipino resistance was at its peakPuck turned to a feel-good holiday graphic to reaffirm this theme of the bounty promised to newly invaded countries and peoples. Britannia (Symbolic character)--1900-1910, - This early outburst of what we refer to today as clash-of-civilizations thinking did not go unchallenged, however. If you do not see a thumbnail image or a reference to another surrogate, please fill out a call slip in Name: Grady Lentz Rhodes cartoon analysis Figure 1.4: Imperialist, explorer and businessman Rhodes as a. The addition of an exclamation point in the caption, The White (!) The human and financial cost of these extended conflicts was large. Literature follows, holding the text of Kiplings poem, The White Mans Burden. Music plays an organ labeled Two Step SymphonyDollar Mark Forever. Behind Music comes Sculpture, holding up a monument to a war hero. (doi:10.1080/14650040802275644). description Summary Illustration shows Britannia carrying a large white flag labeled "Civilization" with British soldiers and colonists behind her, advancing on a horde of natives, one carrying a flag labeled "Barbarism". The British had just subdued the Dutch-descended Boers, in southern Africa. In the Rubber Coils. Imperialism--British--1900-1910, - 4, pp. The Forbidden Book: The Philippine-American War in Political Cartoons(San Francisco: TBoli Pub. A year later, Judge magazine published a two-page cartoon by Victor Gillam that sets the contemporary civilization versus barbarism debate against a grand panorama of historical carnage. Christian missionaries often led the way, followed by politicians, troops, andbringing up the rearbusinessmen. (ISSN 1961-9898). "To the Person Sitting in Darkness." Elle permet aux prisonniers de jouir de la vue du dehors et davoir ainsi lillusion de la libert (Rapport officiel au War Office. Thophile Steinlen,LAssiette au Beurre, June 27, 1901. He was also a collector of . Boxers practiced spirit-possession rituals, often meeting in Buddhist temples, and attacked Christian missionaries and Chinese converts. In the French cartoon Leur rve (Their dream), the globe is portrayed as a victim carried on a stretcher. Please use: Dr. Beasleys Calendar to book appointment times. How such uncivilized behavior fit the rhetoric of the civilizing mission is the subject of the Life cartoon, A Red-Letter Day. Against a backdrop of distant flames, a Filipino mansympathetically drawn as tall, handsome, and heroic in contrast to the usual caricature of a tiny, expressionless savage in a grass skirtis questioned by a clergyman. The caption reads Think It Overa phrase that also appeared later in Mark Twains To the Person Sitting in Darkness essay. When a Chinese coolie strikes a French soldier the result is a public cry of Barbarity! But when a French soldier strikes a coolie, it's a necessary blow for civilization. Ren Georges Hermann-Paul,Le Cri de Paris, July 10, 1899. Vuitton Travel & Luxury Lifestyle curates the Great North Road tour, a 22-day trek starting in Cape Town, taking guests from one natural and historic wonder to the next, and ending up in Cairo . Education in the ways of the West completed the political and commercial occupation. Vol. As the Heathen See Us: Reversing the Gaze. 'From the Cape to Cairo: Though the process be costly, the road of 13, No. Der Traum der Kaiserin von China (The Dream of the Empress of China),Simplicissimus, July 3, 1900. a convenience, and may not be complete or accurate. Maine exploded and sank in the harbor at Havana. The Cape Town To Cairo Tour Remains One Of Travel's Pinnacle - Forbes We had no design of aggrandizement and no ambition of conquest. II. Under the American flag, patriotic words end with a question mark: Tis the Star-Spangled Banner, Oh! The March of the Strenuous Civilization. C. S. Taylor,Life, April 11, 1901. [Photograph] Retrieved from the Library of Congress, https://www.loc.gov/item/2010652189/. and Photographs Reading Room to view the original item(s). 1 print : chromolithograph. In this French cartoon from a special issue titled, La Guerre (War), a missionary and a Red Cross representative lament the violent and un-Christian behavior of Westerners overseas. From Cape to Cairo by Bike | Free Documentary Nature - YouTube The screen in the cartoon may refer to the early films that fed public fascination with China and the Boxer crisis, including Edisons recreation of the Bombardment of Taku Forts by the Allied Fleets (1900, view in the Library of Congress) and a four-minute British production that staged the murder of a missionary by Boxers called Attack on a China Mission (1900). Who, they asked, was the real barbarian? 730-735 (2008). Political cartoon analysis.pdf - Course Hero In a striking Judge graphic, an Auto-Truck of Civilization and Trade lights a pathway through the darkness, leading with a gun and the message: Force if Necessary. Overladen with manufactured goods and modern technology, the vehicle is driven by a resolute Uncle Sam. ), the Boer prisoners were gathered in large enclosures where, for the last 18 months, they found rest and quiet. The 1901 date indicates that the specific reference is to Allied reprisals against Chinese civilians following the Boxer Uprising. Imperial and Anti-Imperial Constructions of Civilisation: Engagements with Pre-Modern Pasts.Geopolitics, Vol. In the eyes of the West, China was dangerously close to chaos as the new century began. Backed by the formidable Royal Navy, Britain could maintain a policy of splendid isolation independent of European alliances for much of the century. Photograph. The aggressors brought progress in the form of modern technology, communications, and Western dress and culture. Along with his burden of steel, trains, sewing machines, and other industrial goods, Uncle Sam carries a book titled Education, Religion in a nod to the rhetoric of moral uplift that accompanied the commercial goals of the civilizing mission. Although Wilhelm II was famous for introducing the concept of a yellow peril, Germanys major colonial possessions were in Africa. The Origins of the Boxer Uprising(Berkeley: University of California Press, 1987). Hevia, James Louis. Names Keppler, Udo J., 1872-1956, artist The image appeared in the June 27, 1901 issue of LAssiette au Beurre by Steinlen titled, A Vision de Hugo, 18021902. The full mural decries the bloodshed of colonial warfare in Turkey, China, and Africa. Source:Library of Congress. The caption is ominous: War on Earth. The cartoonist targets capitalists as the true power behind the policies and practices in the Pacific, with a portrait of businessman Marcus Hannaa dollar sign elongating his earthat dwarfs a portrait of President William McKinley. Murphy, Erin L. "Women's Anti-Imperialism, 'The White Man's Burden,' and the Philippine-American War,"The Asia-Pacific Journal, Vol. The cause of the explosion is still undetermined. [Read Online]. A pair of 1898 graphics offer before and after snapshots related to two major events. Britain stepped in to defend the rights of the immigrants, known as uitlanders (foreigners) to the Boers. achievement, From the Cape to Cairo, published in 1900, not - JSTOR Follow. But by the 1890s, emerging industrial powerhouses like the U.S. and Germany reduced Britains industrial dominance. So, if we do our duty aright in the Philippines, we will add to that national renown which is the highest and finest part of national life, will greatly benefit the people of the Philippine Islands, and, above all, we will play our part well in the great work of uplifting mankind. Expansionism promulgated under the banner of civilization could not escape being carried out in global military campaigns, referred to as the savage wars of peace in the third stanza: Such avowed paternalism towards other cultures recast the invasion of their lands as altruistic service to humankind. 32, No. J. Ottman Lithographic Company, Printer, and Udo J Keppler. Abe Ignacio, Enrique de la Cruz, Jorge Emmanuel, Helen Toribo. Bickers, Robert A. and R. G. Tiedemann. Rus. Source:Library of Congress, In this 1902 cartoon, Britains Boer War and goals on the African continent are identified with the march of civilization and progress against barbarism. On November 29, 1892, while on a visit to London, Rhodes made a speech in which he dramatically announced that he intended to extend the Colony's telegraphic connections across the entire continent - not only to Lake Tanganyika and Uganda, but through the fundamentalist Islamic Sudan and all the way to British Cairo. He was just one of the imperial rulers and national figures to be demonized. In Vebers rendering of Les Progrs de la Science (The Advancement of Science), Boer prisoners of war are being shocked by an electric fence to the amusement of British troops on the other side. New Forces in Old China: An Inevitable Awakening(New York: F.H. Its colonies were acquired through purchase, agreements with other world powers, and economic domination. Source:Wikimedia. advise you in both how to fill out a call slip and when the item can be served. Stark images such as these helped make public a subject that was generally suppressed. The Harvest in the Philippines. Frederick Thompson Richards,Life, July 6, 1899. Ugly and shocking scenes of violence in 19th-century American life are ironically captioned as refined and elegant to challenge the self-image of a nation contributing cash to save the heathen of foreign lands while ignoring its own barbarity. In the September 28, 1901 issue, artist Jean Veber excoriated the shameful subject of the concentration camps British forces used to weaken Boer resistance in the Anglo-Boer War of 18991902. Keppler, Udo J., Artist. Take a look at the pictures and answer the questions to determine what these cartoons tell us about the era of imperialism. Shortly after Kiplings poem appeared, the consistently anti-imperialist Life fired back with a decidedly different view of the white mans burden on its March 16, 1899 cover: a cartoon that showed the foreign powers riding on the backs of their colonial subjects. To the Person Sitting in Darkness addressed Great Britains Boer War as well as the Philippine conquest and Boxer intervention. Keppler, Udo J., Artist. Title from item. The penetration of missionaries into the interior of China, for example, destabilized rural economies and incited anti-foreign sentiments. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like 1. The Middle East as Seen Through Foreign Eyes - University of Chicago Looming on the left, the Eastern Question refers to the long-standing British confrontation with Russia in the Balkans that would soon extend to conflict over Britains Cape to Cairo strategy in Africa. the younger Keppler also contributed cartoons, and became co-owner of the magazine after his father's death, when he changed his name to Joseph Keppler. Cairo and Cape Town, the twin citadels of British power and presence in Africa. 5:00 at 202-707-6394, and Press 3. Uncle Sam is to be Sacrificed: Anglophobia in Late Nineteenth-Century Politics and Culture.American Nineteenth Century History. Klein, Thoralf. a convenience, and may not be complete or accurate. President McKinley at the Conference of Foreign Missions. The fallen man clasps the flag of the Philippine independence movement, inscribed with the words Give Us Liberty. His hat quotes the most famous phrase in the U.S. When rich tracts of gold were discovered, an influx of large numbers of British immigrants threatened to overturn Boer rule over these republics. Pro-imperialist cartoons often depicted the West as literally shining the light of civilization and progress on barbaric peoples. Overview; View 4 Editions Details; Reviews Lists; Related Books; Publish Date. The caption again ironically quotes an Official Report to the War Office that praises the British soldiers bravery in the face of a fierce enemy, in this case women and children: The humanity of our soldiers is admirable and does not tire despite the ferocity of Boers., Vers le Camp de Reconcentration (To the Concentration Camp). Spencer, David R. "No Laughing Matter. Source: Widener Library, Harvard University. A Red-Letter Day. Library of Congress Duplication Services. | Print shows John Bull reclining on luggage labeled "J.B." and boxes of "War Supplies" and "Commissary Supplies" at the "Hotel Egypt" where an Egyptian man is hanging 1 print : chromolithograph. Much of Africa would now be days rather than weeks away from London while Cecil Rhodes' old dream of a 'Cape to Cairo' connection had become a reality. What impact might this have on its perspective or bias? From the Cape to Cairo / Keppler. Freedom and Peace for all Time. ca. A poster headlined A Union in the Interest of Humanity Civilization, Freedom and Peace for all Time, probably also dating from 1898, celebrated the rapprochement between the United States and Great Britain with particularly dense detail. - From the Cape to Cairo the first traverse of Africa from south to north by Ewart Scott Grogan. , 1902. Our Civilized Heathen asks what is civilized and who are the heathen. Duplication Services Web site. The racism and contempt for non-Western others that undergirds Kiplings famous poemand the civilizing mission in generalis unmistakable here. The Presidents Speech. William Bengough,Life, May 24, 1900. title not id. Terms of Use The White Mans Burden was used by both pro- and anti-imperialist factions. Orig. In the popular imagination the Cape-to-Cairo railway of the future presented itself as a continuous line of railway . Source: Widener Library, Harvard University. If an image is displaying, you can download it yourself. As these cartoons reflect, the U.S., itself a new colonial power, was particularly threatened by the rise of Germany as a rival in the Pacific. Source:Library of Congress. Source: Widener Library, Harvard University, U.S. President William McKinley is depicted as a preacher standing on a dead Filipino, grinding his heel into the mans face. Here the Auto-Truck of Civilization and Trade shines a headlight upon a raging dragon and sword-wielding Chinese Boxer whose banner reads 400 Million Barbarians. In the imagery of the civilizing mission, China is portrayed as both backward and savage. In the background, the artist placed a large portrait of a large man, Marcus Hanna, next to a miniature of President William McKinley to show their relative influence on policy. The boats crossing their chests, labeled Suez Canal and Managua Canal, show the importance of efficient naval and shipping routes through their distended realms. Ewart S. Grogan and Arthur H. Sharp. And the political cartoons of the timesubjective, emotional, ideological, highly politicized and at the same time, politically diversifiedconvey this complexity with unparalleled sophistication and intensity. Their diverse identities, however, reflect the global reach and ethnic diversity of the British empireand the extent to which England relied on colonial subjects to fight its imperialist wars. Long May It Wave. Our Christmas Tree. Udo Keppler,Puck, December 27, 1899. Reference staff can From the Cape to Cairo / Keppler. Uncle Sam breaks up a fight between students identified as Cuban Ex-Patriot and Guerilla in his New Class in the Art of Self-Government. The famous white-haired general, Mximo Gmez, a master of insurgency tactics in the Cuban Independence War (18951898) reads a book with his name on it. Source:Library of Congress. Source: Beinecke Rare Books & Manuscripts, Yale University, A white, feminine personification of Civilization (written on her cloak) radiates light over the aged figure of China (written on his hem) running away and shielding himself with a parasol. [p. 199], The Way We Get the War News. Though black Africans did not fight in the war, over 100,000 were rounded up and confined in camps separate from the white internees. Though the Process Be Costly, The Road of Progress Must Be Cut," states that progress must be pursued despite suffering on both sides. Source:CGACGA, The Ohio State University Billy Ireland Cartoon Library & Museum. An Atlantic Triangle in the 1900s: Theodore Roosevelts special relationships with France and Britain.Journal of Transatlantic Studies,Vol. The blackboard contains the lessons learned from Great Britain on how to govern a colony and bring them into the civilized world, stating, By not waiting for their consent she has greatly advanced the world's civilization. In the storm clouds on the left, the Eastern Question looms. How did the US attempt to justify Imperialism. As Britain stepped up financial industries, shipping, and insurance to make up the deficit, global sea power took on additional significance. Bickers, Robert A. and R. G. Tiedemann, editors (Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield, 2007). Phillips, Richard and Jones, Rhys. His biblical title, which came from Matthew 4:16 (The people who sat in darkness have seen a great light), picked up on many pro-imperialist themes of the times. In The Pigtail Has Got to Go, a white-robed goddess wears a star that radiates over a Chinese mandarin. The title of the cartoon calls attention to the barbarous uses of much modern technology and so-called progress., les prisonniers bors ont t runis en de grands enclos o depuis 18 mois ils trouvent le repos et le calme. McKinley also mentions profit, free trade, and the open door in Asia: Incidental to our tenure in the Philippines is the commercial opportunity to which American statesmanship cannot be indifferent. Translated from Russian. Ships for American commerce a speciality., Right: Uncle Sam proudly displays his new steamship and a sign that reads, Uncle Sam the ship builder re-established with great success in 1893. Source:Library of Congress. | Print shows John Bull attempting to reassure Uncle Sam that the storm clouds labeled "Philippine Complications" blowing in from the right will soon pass; he gestures toward 1 print : chromolithograph. In many cases, the originals can be served in a few minutes. On Chinas side, the Boxers were absorbed into the Qing government forces to fight the invaders. Their uniforms are oddly reminiscent of the Revolutionary War that had seen them as bitter adversaries a little more than a century earlier. Wilhelm points ahead, where the inhabitants flee. Each of the three major turn-of-the-century wars left a trail of contention in the visual record. 2. Relatively free from European rivalries and well situated to become a transoceanic partner, the U.S. was courted for the role. The Exploration of Africa: From Cairo to the Cape ( French: L'Afrique des explorateurs : Vers les sources du Nil, lit. Other graphic techniques were used by cartoonists to communicate this message. At the core of the White Mans Burden is a reluctant civilizer who takes up arms for the purpose of relieving grievous wrongs, in the words of President William McKinley. You will probably need to use the links or conduct additional research to find the information to answer these questions. The laudatory rhetoric and imagery of a white mans burden and civilizing mission received a sharp rejoinder in a cartoon published by Life in April, 1901 under the title March of the Strenuous Civilization. In this sardonic rendering of the realities of imperialist expansion, a missionary leads the charge holding a Missionary Ledger. Immediately behind him march a sword-brandishing sailor carrying loot and a rifle-bearing soldier carrying booty. Science comes next, clutching lyddite, a high explosive first used by the British in the Boer War. The U.S. entered the elite group of world powers with victories in the Spanish-American War (written in the clouds over the naval battle on the right). Thompson, Roger R. Reporting the Taiyuan Massacre fromThe Boxers, China, andthe World. BritanniaDaughter! 19th Century Editorial Cartoons and the Business of Race." In this rendering it is the Bible-toting white invader (The Stranger) who is ridiculed. U.S. Source:The Ohio State University Billy Ireland Cartoon Library & Museum. What historical event or imperialist practice is this referencing? Nishi, Masao - Institut Mirovogo Khoziastva I Mirovo Politiki (Kommunisticheskaia Akademiia) - Varga, Eugen. Civilization and trade went hand in hand in turn-of-the-century imperialism. Though the Process Be Costly, The Road of Progress Must Be Cut, states that progress must be pursued despite suffering on both sides. What imperialist practices are you rallying against (taking of raw materials, manipulation of trade, colonialism, violence, etc.)? He talks to each student separately and tells them that he is sure that they shared answers, but he cannot be sure who copied from whom. Additionally, engaging in image analysis will continue to help you build this important analytical skill, and producing an image will help your visual presentation skills.