His son Jayendra was followed by Samdhimati-Aryaraja (34 BCE-17 CE) who had the soul of Jayendra's minister Sandhimati. [14], Shah Mir worked to establish Islam in Kashmir and was aided by his descendant rulers, specially Sikandar Butshikan. It describes almost two centuries of the old and early middle age history of the Valley. He also got the Mahabharata and Rajatarangini. (I.191) He belonged to. Corrections? [citation needed]. Kalhana was excellently equipped for the work. Son of Ajitapida. Zain-ul-Abidin was the eighth sultan of Kashmir. He filled his court with, Shreshtasena (Pravarasena I / Tungjina II), According to Kalhana, the emperor Vikramditya (alias Harsha) of, Younger brother of Vikramaditya. Jonaraja The first translation of a portion of the Rajatarangini was carried out in Persian, at the behest of Sultan Zain-ul-Abidin (1421-1472) A.D of Kashmir. This Vikramaditya is not same as the, Shared the administration with his queen. Defeated the Tantrins with help of Damara feudal lords. [27], He was the seventh ruler of the Shah Mir Dynasty, and reigned between 1413 and 1420. , , are the top translations of "puhdas" into Persian. But with a small army, he fought and defeated the whole army of Kashgar. Subscribe here. Notes in parentheses refer to a book ("Taranga") and verse. Turn on. He established a university in Naushehra and a Darul Tarjuma. It covers the whole range of history in the Kashmir district from the earliest times to the date of its synthesis. After that, the English translation appeared under the aegis of the Asiatic Society in 1835 and the French translation in 1852. His half-brother Vijaymalla rebelled against him, and got Harsha released from prison. Fairness: That noble-minded author is alone worthy of praise whose word, like that of a judge, keeps free from love or hatred in relating the facts of the past. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like Daulat Khan Lodi, Rana Sangam Singh, Zahiruddin Mohammad, Turkish and more. Thus (IV.678) is Book IV verse 678. Arthashastra , one of the first in the history of Malayalam literature. Concerning past occasions. For 56 years, The Journal of Asian Studies has been Kalhana () (c. 12th century CE), a Kashmiri Brahmin, was the author of Rajatarangini, and is regarded as Kashmir's first historian. When did the capital of India shift from Kolkata to New Delhi? The Rajatarangini was written in Sanskrit by Kalhana, who was a Kashmiri Brahmin. Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. After an Abhimanyu, we come to the main Gonandiya dynasty, founded by Gonanda III. Historian A. Q. Rafiqi states that some Persian chronicles of Kashmir describe Shah Mir as a descendant of the rulers of Swat. Uchchala's step-brother; became the king after Radda's death. He delved deep into such model works as the Harsacarita and the Brihat-samhita epics and used with commendable familiarity the local rajakathas (royal chronicles) and such previous works on Kashmir as Nripavali by Kshemendra, Parthivavali by Helaraja, and Nilamatapurana. Explanation: In 1574 Akbar started a Maktab Khana or a house of translation works in Fatehpur Sikri. The Shah Mir Sultanate and other South Asian polities, circa 1400 CE. Verse 7. Who translated Rajatarangini in Kashmiri? - ProfoundTips It was written in Sanskrit by Kashmiri historian Kalhana in the 12th century CE. Get answers to the most common queries related to the Railway Examination Preparation. Rajatarangini, which Mulla Abd al-Qadir Badauni translated into Persian at Akbars Raja Ram Mohan Roy, a social and educational reformer, was an idealist who contributed immensely in eradicating social evils prevalent in the society during the 18th century.He was popularly known as "Father of Modern India". This refers to the fact that the power had passed to the brothers of a queen, who was born in a family of spirit-distillers. On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. Deccan education society is an organization which runs 43 education establishments in Maharastra, Pune founded by Bal Gangadhar Tilak. Horace Hayman Wilson partially translated the work, and wrote an essay based on it, titled The Hindu History of Kashmir (published in Asiatic Researches Volume 15). This was drained by the great rishi or sage, Kashyapa, son of Marichi, son of Brahma, by cutting the gap in the hills at Baramulla, derived from Sanskrit (Boar's Molar), (Varaha) meaning Boar + (Mula) meaning deep or root. Died young. Established the city of. It was translated into Persian by the orders of the later Muslim ruler Zain-ul-Abidin. Called "the blind" because of his small eyes. The cookies is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Necessary". Who wrote Rajatarangini What does it tell us about? Duke University Press publishes approximately one hundred books per year and The real power lay in the hands of a noble named Gargachandra. The work generally records the heritage of Kashmir, but 120 verses of Rjatarangi describe the misrule prevailing in Kashmir during the reign of King Kalash, son of King Ananta Deva of Kashmir. European Orientalist researchers who concentrated on the text from the mid-nineteenth century onwards called the Rajatarangini the solo work of history legitimate to rise out of old India. It covers the whole range of history in the Kashmir district from the earliest times to the date of its synthesis. Translations of " " into Persian in sentences, translation memory . There are several discrepancies between the Ashoka mentioned in Kalhana's account and the Mauryan emperor Ashoka. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. From the Pen of Jonarja, Court Pait to Suln Zayn al-bidn. Neither in style nor in authenticity do these works approximate the quality of Kalhanas Rajatarangini. Jogesh Chandra Dutt in the late 19th century. Subsequent English translations of Kalhana's Rajatarangini include: Several books containing legendary stories from Rajatarangini have been compiled by various authors. The young Chippatajayapida was advised by his maternal uncle Utpalaka or Utpala (IV.679). In 1574, Akbar established a translation bureau (maktab khana) at his capital of Fatehpur Sikri. Has data issue: true He looked into an assortment of epigraphic sources connecting with illustrious tributes, development of sanctuaries, and land awards; he concentrated on coins, fantastic remaining parts, family records, and nearby practices. Feature Flags: { Its apt choice of kavya (poetry), as felicitously described by Shonaleeka Kaul, makes for a versatile and flexible mode that can entertain the mythic and the folk alongside classical and conventionalised registers of imagination and representation. Among other things that fall within its wide sweep, the work contains references not only to such things as the countrys episodic encounters with China across the border, but also to the depredations of Mahmud Ghazni in Kashmirs neighbourhood around 1013 that portended the eventual Islamic conquest of Kashmir, the land variously heirs to the spiritual heritage of Hindu, Buddhist and Jain faiths. Copyright 2023, THG PUBLISHING PVT LTD. or its affiliated companies. They cannot be abusive or personal. involving the history, arts, social sciences, philosophy, and contemporary ), Translations of Sanskrit Works at Akbar's Court, Politics of Time: Primitives and History-Writing in a Colonial Society, Buddhist History in the Vernacular: The Power of the Past in Late Medieval Sri Lanka, Travels in the Mogul Empire, A.D. 16561668, Ideology and Status of Sanskrit: Contributions to the History of the Sanskrit Language, Detailed Report of a Tour in Search of Sanskrit MSS. Abu l-Fadl Allami, Nizam al-Din and Firishta also state Since the battle was motive-less for the Delhi Sultanate peace concluded between them on a condition that all the territories from Sirhind to Kashmir belong to the Shah Mir empire. [31] Arriving in Kashmir, Haidar installed as sultan the head of the Sayyid faction, Nazuk. issues of East, South, and Southeast Asia, as well as a large book review Zain-ul-Abidin was also known as 'the Akbar of Kashmir'. Traces of genuine history are also found, however, in references to the Mauryan emperors Ashoka and Jalauka; the Buddhist Kushan kings Hushka (Huviska), Jushka (Vajheska), and Kanishka (Kaniska); and Mihirakula, a Huna king. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. [7] Romila Thapar equates Jalauka to Kunala, stating that "Jalauka" is an erroneous spelling caused by a typographical error in Brahmi script. He wrote the work in Sanskrit between 1148 and 1149. Researchers who showed up at this portrayal of the Rajatarangini as the first work of history, the last referenced drawing out the basic release of the Rajatarangini and its full English interpretation, which is perused right up til the present time. Kalhana was an educated and sophisticated Sanskrit scholar, well-connected in the highest political circles. Madurai is one of the major cities in the Indian State of Tamil Nadu. Kalhana himself, notwithstanding, doesnt appear to have worked for any ruler. Rajatarangini can be a metric splendid and verifiable account of the north-western Indian subcontinent, mainly the lords of Kashmir. It is the 25th most populated city in India, located on the banks of River Vaigai. Younger brother of Chandrapida and Tarapida. They accepted that this late work was a one-of-a-kind exemption in 3,000 years of Sanskrit abstract culture, which they blamed for totally inadequate regarding a feeling of history even as it had large amounts of sacred writing and folklore. What internet mobs don't understand about Urdu - The Indian Express Learn about a brief history of Adi Shankaracharya, one of the most revered teachers in India's spiritual history. Gonanda was the first king and a contemporary and enemy of the Hindu deity Krishna. It emerged in South Asia after its ancestor dia Answer. Kalhana appears to made little attempt to determine the actual sequence of rule of the kings and dynasties he recorded). for primarily professional audiences (e.g., in law or medicine). We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. Book II introduces a new line of kings not mentioned in any other authentic source, starting with Pratapaditya I and ending with Aryaraja. It is by late Vidwan T.K. Its heyday was the 13th and 14th centuries, broadly the period straddling the phase of Sanskrit literature to which Kishan Joshi, the Ganga Dhar, the Mahesh, the Mahanand and others. Uninvolved by and by in the frenzy of contemporary legislative issues, he was significantly impacted by it and expressed the accompanying. In our own time, the Kashmiri Sanskrit scholar and former diplomat A.N.D. These cookies track visitors across websites and collect information to provide customized ads. What is the best compliment to give to a girl? Sultan Zain-ul-Abidin of Kashmir had the famous historical work Rajatarangini and the Mahabharata translated into Persian. [15], Sultan Alau'd-Din's two sons became kings in succession, Sultan Shihabu'd-Din and Sultan Qutbu'd-Din. In that officials, Abdul Fazi translated Ramayana into Persian. From the regulation of commodities to the reviving of old crafts, Abidin did everything for overall development of Kashmir and his subjects. It emerged in South Asia after its ancestor dialects were subtle there from the northwest inside the overdue Bronze Ag. The Karkota line came to a close with the usurpation of the throne by Avantivarman, who started the Utpala dynasty in 855. But opting out of some of these cookies may affect your browsing experience. In the Karkota family, Lalitapida had a concubine, a daughter of a Kalyapala (IV.678). Devout Shaivite. The book has a magisterial Foreword by Puthezhath Raman Menon, a considerable figure in Malayalam literature and a contemporary of the translator. And 40 years after his passing, the translation has now been brought into publication thanks to the zealous efforts of a few lovers of classical literature. But his traditional conceptual framework, using uncritical assumptions and a belief in the role of the poet as an exponent of moral maxims, makes the idealizing content in his narrative, particularly for the early period, rather dominant. It covers the whole range of history in Kashmir from the earliest times to the date of its synthesis. Son of Jayapida and Durgi. (With his account of the Karkota dynasty, relatively recent at the time he wrote his chronicles, Kalhana's information becomes more consistent with other sources.). Examples translated by humans: MyMemory, World's Largest Translation Memory. It does not store any personal data. Rajatarangini was translated into Persian by Zain-ul-Abidin order. Who translated Rajatarangini in Persian language? - GKToday His Dvity Rjataragin can be a continuation of Kalhanas Rjataragin and brings the annal of the rulers of Kashmir proper right down to the hour of the creators supporter Zain-ul-Abidin. Jizya was abolished too in his command. recognized as the most authoritative and prestigious publication in the Kalhana describes the rules of Toramana and, After the Huna, Meghavahana of the Gonandiya family was brought back from. Comments have to be in English, and in full sentences. His father Champaka was the minister (Lord of the Gate) in the court of Harsha of Kashmir. In Books V and VI the history of the dynasty continues to 1003, when the kingdom of Kashmir passed on to a new dynasty, the Lohara. The Mahabharata, Ramayana, Atharva Veda, Lilawati, Rajatarangini was translated into Persian. Ruler of Kashgar (Central Asia) once attacked Kashmir with a large army. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. Sanskrit is a Indo-Aryan part of the Indo-European dialects. His access to minute details of contemporary court intrigues was almost direct: his father and uncle were both in the Kashmir court. In the Indian history, Madurai was the capita of Pandyas. 23 February 2011. He reigned for three years and five months from 1339 to 1342 CE. Sultan Shihabud-din did not have a large number of soldiers to battle against the Kashgar army. It has multiple dimensions, such as the aureole of antiquity, the grandeur of epic, the cachet of Sanskritic literary canons, the singular distinction as an ancient Indian historical chronicle and the uniqueness that it embodies as representation of a vital part of Indian selfhood. 2011 Duke University Press Son of Lalitaditya and Kamaladevi. orders. Rajatarangini was composed by Kalhana, scion of a noble family of Kashmir. You can try more lenient search to get some results. The first translation of a portion of the Rajatarangini was carried out in Persian, at the behest of Sultan Zain-ul-Abidin (1421-1472) A.D of Kashmir. Kalhana in his opening Taranga of Rajatarangini presents his views on how history ought to be written. How much salary can I expect in Dublin Ireland after an MS in data analytics for a year? The king imprisoned Toramana, when the latter stuck royal coins in his own name. He dug profound into such model functions as the Harshacharita and the Brihat-Samhita sagas and utilised with a praiseworthy commonality the neighbourhood rajakathas (regal accounts) and such past chips away at Kashmir as Nripavali by Kshemendra, Parthiva Wali by Helaraja, and Nilamatapurana. Answer: A) Abdul Fazi. . If you are already a registered user of The Hindu and logged in, you may continue to engage with our articles. It covers the whole range of history in the Kashmir district from the earliest times to its synthesis. puhdas in Persian - Finnish-Persian Dictionary | Glosbe A Persian translation of Rajatarangini was commissioned by Zain-ul-Abidin, who ruled Kashmir in the 15th century CE. How long is MOT certificate normally valid? Son of Vijaya: his "long arms reached to his knees". Rajatarangini - Rajatarangini.pdf - [PDF Document] He erected a monument at. Book VII brings the narrative to the death of King Harsha (1101), and Book VIII deals with the stormy events between the death of Harsha and the stabilization of authority under Kalhanas contemporary Jayasimha (reigned 112849). [25][26], Sikandar died in April, 1413 upon which, the eldest son 'Mir' was anointed as the Sultan having adopted the title of Ali Shah. He stopped the killing of cows by means . Haksar captured the mystique of Indias coordinates in this couplet: Hiranya died childless. The author Kalhana was a son of a minister of Harsha of this family. Learn about the life of Vallabhacharya, a great saint and philosopher. Eventually a Pratapaditya, a relative of Vikrmaditya (not the Shakari) became king (II.6). During Akbar's time the Ramayana and Mahabharata were also translated into Persian. Despite these stated principles, Kalhana's work is also full of legends and inconsistencies (see Historical reliability below). [13], Shah Mir arrived in Kashmir in 1313 along with his family, during the reign of Suhadeva (13011320), whose service he entered. Gonandiya Baladitya made his officer in charge of fodder, Durlabhavardhana (III.489) his son-in-law because he was handsome. [4] It has also been suggested that he belonged to a family which accompanied the sage Mir Sayyid Ali Hamadani, and who were associated to either the Kubrawiya Sufi groups in Kashmir. Advertisement cookies are used to provide visitors with relevant ads and marketing campaigns. It covers the whole range of history in the Kashmir district from the earliest times to its synthesis. Verse 14. [22] His policies, like with the previous Hindu rulers, were likely meant to gain access to the immense wealth controlled by Brahminical institutions;[23][22][24] further, Jonaraja's polemics stemmed, atleast in part, from his aversion to the slow disintegration of caste society under Islamic influence. Introduction: The Rajatarangini (in a real sense, River of Kings) is an awe-inspiring sonnet (mahakavya/prabandha) created in the old style language, Sanskrit, in 114850 in Kashmir (part of the advanced territory of Jammu and Kashmir, India).Kalhana is said to have been the child of a previous clergyman by the name of Cempaka in the court of a Kashmiri ruler, Harsha. [5] Some of the kings and dynasties can be identified with inscriptions and the histories of the empires that periodically included the Kashmir valley, but for long periods the Rajatarangini is the only source. (Stay up to date on new book releases, reviews, and more with The Hindu On Books newsletter. Uninvolved by and by in the frenzy of contemporary legislative issues, he was significantly impacted by it and expressed the accompanying. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Other. Rajatarangini (Sanskrit: Waterway of Kings) recorded a narrative of early India reasonably viewed as awesome and the best work. [6], (Note the confusion of dates in this and the following sections. Verse 12. [6] Although "Jina" is a term generally associated with Jainism, some ancient sources use it to refer to the Buddha. Smaller Kingdoms during Sultanate Era - Jagranjosh.com The long and arduous journey of the great saint across the country to Kashmir, punctuated by philosophical debates with peers and concurrent composition of immortal commentaries on the Hindu texts, is part of Indias sacred history. Who wrote the Rajatarangini class 4th English? Kavya as a genre has had a prominent place in traditional Malayalam poetics, so the austere aesthetics of Kalhanas work will strike a chord with readers, particularly those with a yen for that stimulating mixture of Sanskrit and Malayalam of yore, termed Manipravala. In the early years of his reign, the actual power was held by Sussala. The translators of Rajatarangini framed the text as more than a solitary example of Indian historical writing; rather, they engaged with it on multiple levels, drawing out, debating, and rethinking the definitions of literature and history and the relative significance of and relationship between them in capturing the identity of the nation and its regions. What are three different irrational numbers between the rational numbers 5 by 7 and 9 by 11? According to the historical evidence, Lalitaditya Muktapida ruled during the 8th century. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. . From there, Buddhism spread to several other adjoining regions including Central Asia, Tibet and China. In 1380 C.E. Rajatharangini ; Vidwan T.K. Son of Durlabhaka and Shrinarendraprabha. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Analytics". Learn how and when to remove this template message, "Early Medieval Kashmir Coinage A New Hoard and An Anomaly", Rajatarangini: The Saga of The Kings of Kasmir, Rajatarangini and the Making of India's Past, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rajatarangini&oldid=1121892347, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, Killed in a battle with by Krishna's friends. [dubious discuss] In fact, his translator Aurel Stein expressed the view that his was the only true Sanskrit history. and is known in general as a publisher willing to take chances with nontraditional Deposed by his half-brother Sangramapida. He allowed the Hindus to build their temples and follow the personal law according to the Dharmashastras. TranslationsRajatarangini was translated into Persian by Zain-ul-Abidin order.There are four English translations of Rjatarangi by: Ranjit Sitaram Pandit Horace Hayman Wilson, secretary of The Asiatic Society of Bengal in the early 19th century, and the first English. He showed shockingly progressed specialised mastery for the time in his anxiety for offbeat sources. He looked up a variety of epigraphic sources relating to royal eulogies, construction of temples, and land grants; he studied coins, monumental remains, family records, and local traditions. The status of Kalhana's poem Rajatarangini was mediated in colonial India in part through its English translations. [2] The dynasty is named after its founder, Shah Mir. According to D. C. Sircar, Kalhana has confused the legendary Vikramaditya of Ujjain with the Vardhana Emperor Harsha (c. 606-47 CE). His son Kshemagupta married Didda, daughter of Simharaja of Lohara. In his old age, the childless king ordered killing of Sandhimati to prevent any chance of him becoming a king. He was a great-grandson of a Viradeva, a Kutumbi (V.469). Who was the last king of Gonanda dynasty? [8] Aryarajas were mostly Hindus. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. This article examines two translations of the textone "Orientalist" and the other "nationalist"with the purpose of interrogating these categories, by drawing out the complex engagement between European and indigenous ideas, and the dialogue between past and present that informed their production. [12] Kashmiri scholar N. K. Zutshi, having critically examined the sources, reconciles the two versions by noting that the Persian chronicles mentions Swadgir rather than Swat, which he interprets as Swadgabar, meaning "suburbs of Gabar", which coincides with Jonaraja's description of Panchagahvara-Simani (on the borders of Panchagagvara). Taking action accordingly, regardless of initiating Kalhana an extraordinary student of history, Ramesh Chandra Majumdar2 discussed his exceptionally faulty strategy comprising in consideration of legendary or amazing lords, an ignorant religiosity in the Epics and Puranas (antiquated Indian kinds portraying the previous), confidence in black magic and sorcery, clarification of occasions as because of the impact of destiny instead of to any normal reason, an overall instructional propensity roused by Hindu perspectives on karma, and simple showcase of poetical and logical expertise. Romila Thapar additionally excused Kalhanas moralism and teaching. And for another, Sarvagnana Peetha in Srinagar where Shankaracharya was enthroned is the one mystic chord of tradition that has endured in the Keralite imagination of Kashmir. Utkarsha was imprisoned and committed suicide. it has been transformed into Persian, Get subscription and access unlimited live and recorded courses from Indias best educators. [5] The total reign of the following kings is mentioned as 1266 years. Son of Sukhavarman. [clarification needed], From Infogalactic: the planetary knowledge core, Koenraad Elst: Update on the Aryan Invasion Debate 1999, https://infogalactic.com/w/index.php?title=Rajatarangini&oldid=559022, Articles needing expert attention with no reason or talk parameter, Articles needing expert attention from November 2008, Articles with disputed statements from March 2012, Wikipedia articles needing clarification from June 2011, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, About Infogalactic: the planetary knowledge core. Each issue contains four to five feature articles on topics Sultan Zain-Ul-Abidin of Kashmir had the famous historical work, Rajatarangini, and the Mahabharata translated into Persian. The most glorious period of the Lodi Dynasty was the ruling period of Sikander Lodi. Translation of " " into Persian . The cookie is set by GDPR cookie consent to record the user consent for the cookies in the category "Functional". Answer: It is court chronicle that deals with the history of rulers of Kashmir. Rajatarangini, paintings of Kalhana written by a 12th century CE writer can be a piece essential in understanding the historical backdrop of Kashmir. Jonaraja became a Kashmiri antiquarian and Sanskrit writer. [15], Sultan Shamsu'd-Din Shah was succeeded by his elder son Sultan Jamshid who ruled for a year and two months. Pratapaditya was a relative of a distant king named Vikrmaditya (II.6). We have migrated to a new commenting platform. In those authorities, Abul Fazl interpreted Ramayana into Persian. elsewhere. The serial will be aired on Doordarshan in 2006. [18] Iinternal rebellions were ably suppressed. Match words . Son of Sangramapida II. Suvrata's poem, though it has obtained celebrity, does not show dexterity in the exposition of the subject-matter, as it is rendered troublesome [reading] by misplaced learning. Verse 13. In that officials, Abdul Fazi translated Ramayana into Persian. [15], He was the only Shah Mir ruler to keep Hindu courtiers in his court. Researchers who showed up at this portrayal of the Rajatarangini as the first work of history, the last referenced drawing out the basic release of the Rajatarangini and its full English interpretation, which is perused right up til the present time. "useRatesEcommerce": false Dethroned by Utpalaka's rival Mamma and the latter's son Yashovarman. Murdered by Radda. He was a religious king, and followed a near-ascetic lifestyle. Translating the Past: Rethinking Rajatarangini Narratives in Colonial The cookie is set by the GDPR Cookie Consent plugin and is used to store whether or not user has consented to the use of cookies. Rjatarangi (Rjataragi "The River of Kings") is a metrical historical chronicle of north-western Indian subcontinent, particularly the kings of Kashmir, written in Sanskrit by Kashmiri Brahman Kalhana in 12th century CE.[1]. hasContentIssue true, Copyright The Association for Asian Studies, Inc. 2011, https://doi.org/10.1017/S0021911810002998, Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. What 3 things do you do when you recognize an emergency situation? a 12th century CE writer can be a piece essential in understanding the historical backdrop of Kashmir. Like the Shahnameh is to Persia, the Rajatarangini is to Kashmir. Unacademy is Indias largest online learning platform. Son of Hiranyakula. The Rajatarangini is an epic poem (mahakavya) in Sanskrit running into nearly 8000 verses that are spread over eight books or sections. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings. The book closes with the establishment of the Karkota Naga dynasty by Durlabhaka Pratapaditya II, and it is from Book IV on that Rajatarangini takes on the character of a dependable historical narrative. Several coins of a king named Toramana have been found in the Kashmir region. The Himalayan area of Kashmir is an intermontane valley shaped by the stream Jhelum (antiquated name Vitasta), a feeder of the waterway Indus. His son Kshemagupta married Didda, daughter of Simharaja of Lohara. In later years of his reign, he started patronizing unwise persons, and the wise courtiers deserted him. Rajatarangini | Sanskrit, Chronicle, Meaning, & Facts | Britannica
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