Test 3 (Chapter 8) Flashcards | Quizlet More specifically, homeostasis is the body's tendency to monitor and maintain internal states, such as temperature and blood sugar, at fairly constant and stable levels. Many of these processes, like much of psychological behavior, are rooted in our biology. Although there are a number of different techniques in use, the central feature of all meditation is clearing the mind in order to achieve a state of relaxed awareness and focus (Chen et al., 2013; Lang et al., 2012). This feeling of a depressed mood is also accompanied by two or more additional symptoms, to include changes in appetite, insomnia or hypersomnia, low energy or fatigue, low self-esteem, feelings of hopelessness, and poor concentration or difficulty with decision making. The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) serves as the brains clock mechanism. Dopamine activity is often associated with reward and craving; therefore, drugs that affect dopamine neurotransmission often have abuse liability. Psychometric analysis indicates that the ISS is composed of four principle components, producing four subscales. Awareness of external stimuli includes experiences such as seeing the light from the sun, feeling the warmth of a room, and hearing the voice of a friend. Quiz 1.docx - PSY-352 Health Psychology Quiz 1 Complete the following Two of them I didnt even know I was involved in until afterwards (Henry & Rosenthal, 2013, p. 52). Drugwithdrawalincludes a variety of negative symptoms experienced when drug use is discontinued. We spend approximately one-third of our lives sleeping. The substantial amount of research on SIDS has led to a number of recommendations to parents to protect their children (Figure 4.14). In general, these drugs are not thought to possess the same sort of abuse potential as other classes of drugs discussed in this section. Question 2 1 / 1 pts Ling Fan finds that she has a difficult time tolerating alcohol and prefers to not even have small amounts , as she often becomes flushed , warm , and nauseous .Most likely , Ling Fan , like many other women and those of Asian descent , lacks the enzyme called alcohol _ _ _____. The brains clock mechanism is located in an area of the hypothalamus known as thesuprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN). Freud made distinctions between the manifest content and the latent content of dreams. PDF Internal States Scale and Reference - University of Washington The typical episode can last from a minute or two to half an hour. These drugs promote increased levels of neural activity. Dreams and their associated meanings vary across different cultures and periods of time. Night terrors apparently occur during the NREM phase of sleep (Provini, Tinuper, Bisulli, & Lagaresi, 2011). d. both b and c. 2. Signs of inflammation help healthcare providers in making a diagnosis. Remarkably, Falater insisted that he had no recollection of hurting his wife in any way. Mescaline and LSD are serotonin agonists, and PCP (angel dust) and ketamine (an animal anesthetic) act as antagonists of the NMDA glutamate receptor. Caffeine is an adenosine antagonist, so caffeine inhibits the adenosine receptors, thus decreasing sleepiness and promoting wakefulness. Table 4.1shows the new recommendations, which describe sleep durations that are recommended, may be appropriate, and not recommended. Evolutionary psychologyis a discipline that studies how universal patterns of behavior and cognitive processes have evolved over time as a result ofnatural selection. Drug use disorders are addictive disorders, and the criteria for specific substance (drug) use disorders are described in DSM-5. Confusion. In addition, these drugs can cause feelings of anxiety, hallucinations, and paranoia (Fiorentini et al., 2011). Therefore, the abuse potential of central nervous system depressants is relatively high. The participant is encouraged to use his or her imagination. There is quite a bit of controversy within the scientific community as to the extent to which marijuana might have medicinal benefits due to a lack of large-scale, controlled research (Bostwick, 2012). The pineal and pituitary glands secrete a number of hormones during sleep. Aside from the role that REM sleep may play in processes related to learning and memory, REM sleep may also be involved in emotional processing and regulation. Site has information/education resources on a broad range of topics, including asthma, birth defects, radiation, sanitation, lead in blood, and more. The prevalence rates for somatic disorders are often difficult to determine; however, overall estimates of somatic symptom disorder are around 4-6%. Why do we devote so much time to sleeping? Narcolepsy is associated with reduced levels of the signaling molecule hypocretin in some areas of the brain (De la Herrn-Arita & Drucker-Coln, 2012; Han, 2012), and the traditional stimulant drugs do not have direct effects on this system. For example, the National Institutes of Drug Abuse has sponsored research that suggests the misuse and abuse of the prescription pain killers hydrocodone and oxycodone are significant public health concerns (Maxwell, 2006). Rapid eye movement (REM)sleep is characterized by darting movements of the eyes under closed eyelids. While opioid withdrawal can be extremely unpleasant, it is not life-threatening (Julien, 2005). Theta waves still dominate the activity of the brain, but they are interrupted by brief bursts of activity known as sleep spindles (Figure 4.9). MDMA (3.4-methelynedioxy-methamphetamine, commonly known as ecstasy or Molly) is a mild stimulant with perception-altering effects. Devices like this are designed to provide exposure to bright light to help people maintain a regular circadian cycle. All of the following are true statements concerning the health of Americans EXCEPT: a. mortality rates from smoking have declined. These include daydreaming, intoxication, and unconsciousness due to anesthesia. Surprisingly, sleep apnea may exacerbate cardiovascular disease (Snchez-de-la-Torre, Campos-Rodriguez, & Barb, 2012). Rotating shift workrefers to a work schedule that changes from early to late on a daily or weekly basis. (West et al., 2009, p. 114). Awareness of internal stimuli includes feeling pain, hunger, thirst, sleepiness, and being aware of our thoughts and emotions. Some circadian rhythms play a role in changes in our state of consciousness. Our lives involve regular, dramatic changes in the degree to which we are aware of our surroundings and our internal states. Marijuana, LSD, Peyote, mescaline, DMT, dissociative anesthetics including ketamine and PCP, Increased heart rate and blood pressure that may dissipate over time, Mild to intense perceptual changes with high variability in effects based on strain, method of ingestion, and individual differences, Understand what is meant by consciousness, Explain how circadian rhythms are involved in regulating the sleep-wake cycle, and how circadian cycles can be disrupted, Describe areas of the brain involved in sleep, Understand hormone secretions associated with sleep, Describe several theories aimed at explaining the function of sleep, Differentiate between REM and non-REM sleep, Describe the differences between the three stages of non-REM sleep, Understand the role that REM and non-REM sleep play in learning and memory, Describe the symptoms and treatments of insomnia, Recognize the symptoms of several parasomnias, Describe the symptoms and treatments for sleep apnea, Recognize risk factors associated with sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) and steps to prevent it, Describe the symptoms and treatments for narcolepsy. While we certainly welcome the convenience of having the darkness lit up, we also suffer the consequences of reduced amounts of sleep because we are more active during the nighttime hours than our ancestors were. Stimulant users seek aeuphoric high, feelings of intense elation and pleasure, especially in those users who take the drug via intravenous injection or smoking. It is relatively easy to wake someone from stage 1 sleep; in fact, people often report that they have not been asleep if they are awoken during stage 1 sleep. In some cases, though, there may be no symptoms of inflammation at all. A) managed care These kinds of schedules are common for individuals working in health care professions and service industries, and they are associated with persistent feelings of exhaustion and agitation that can make someone more prone to making mistakes on the job (Gold et al., 1992; Presser, 1995). With repeated use of many central nervous system depressants, such as alcohol, a person becomes physically dependent upon the substance and will exhibit signs of both tolerance and withdrawal. Manifest contentis the actual content, or storyline, of a dream. The woman used caffeine in the past to boost her mood and to provide energy, but over the course of several years, she increased her caffeine consumption to the point that she was consuming three liters of soda each day. Methamphetamineis a type of amphetamine that can be made from ingredients that are readily available (e.g., medications containing pseudoephedrine, a compound found in many over-the-counter cold and flu remedies). In general, smoking cessation programs may be effective in the short term, but it is unclear whether these effects persist (Cropley, Theadom, Pravettoni, & Webb, 2008; Levitt, Shaw, Wong, & Kaczorowski, 2007; Smedslund, Fisher, Boles, & Lichtenstein, 2004). Like all opioids, codeine does have abuse potential. In 2013, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration recommended tighter controls on their medical use. that would be one of the problems that Ive encountered. Alertness is associated with higher body temperatures, and sleepiness with lower body temperatures. Early versions of this theory proposed that dreams were not the meaning-filled representations of angst proposed by Freud and others, but were rather the result of our brain attempting to make sense of (synthesize) the neural activity (activation) that was happening during REM sleep. Whether lark, owl, or somewhere in between, there are situations in which a persons circadian clock gets out of synchrony with the external environment. The clock sets itself with light information received through projections from the retina. In addition, if a pregnant woman consumes alcohol, her infant may be born with a cluster of birth defects and symptoms collectively called fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD) or fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS). . In addition, sleep deprivation often results in depression-like symptoms. The virus is transmitted to people from wild animals and spreads in the human population through human-to-human transmission. In addition, these individuals may wake up several times during the night only to find that they have difficulty getting back to sleep. It is quite possible that sleep serves no single universally adaptive function, and different species have evolved different patterns of sleep in response to their unique evolutionary pressures. This is illustrated by McCartys (2010) case study of a 50-year-old woman who sought help for the excessive sleepiness during normal waking hours that she had experienced for several years. Which of the following is true regarding patient adherence: d - all of the above (a - the average adherence rate for taking medication to treat acute illness is about 67%, b - adherence to taking medicine . Interestingly, individuals who have increased levels of alpha brain wave activity (more often associated with wakefulness and transition into stage 1 sleep) during stage 3 often report that they do not feel refreshed upon waking, regardless of how long they slept (Stone, Taylor, McCrae, Kalsekar, & Lichstein, 2008). However, all of their somnambulistic patients who also suffered from sleep-related breathing problems showed a marked decrease in sleepwalking when their breathing problems were effectively treated. These same women were awakened during REM sleep in order to provide a detailed account of their dream content. Inflammation has many causes, including infections, injuries, and diseases. Sleep debt and sleep deprivation have significant negative psychological and physiological consequencesFigure 4.5. Theta wavesare even lower frequency (47 Hz), higher amplitude brain waves than alpha waves. The 20th century Swiss psychiatrist Carl Jung believed that dreams allowed us to tap into the collective unconscious. Amphetamines have a mechanism of action quite similar to cocaine in that they block the reuptake of dopamine in addition to stimulating its release (Figure 4.16). Although she had been taking a prescription antidepressant, her symptoms of depression continued to worsen and she began to suffer physically, displaying significant warning signs of cardiovascular disease and diabetes. Humans have an endogenous opioid neurotransmitter systemthe body makes small quantities of opioid compounds that bind to opioid receptors reducing pain and producing euphoria. The following describe internal states of symptoms EXCEPT? Given that withdrawal from a drug often involves an experience opposite to the effect of the drug, it should be no surprise that opioid withdrawal resembles a severe case of the flu. If we have biological rhythms, then is there some sort ofbiological clock? Sleep apneais defined by episodes during which a sleepers breathing stops. Guilleminault et al. Some research suggests that species that face higher predatory risks sleep fewer hours than other species (Capellini et al., 2008), while other researchers suggest there is no relationship between the amount of time a given species spends in deep sleep and its predation risk (Lesku, Roth, Amlaner, & Lima, 2006). Module 4: Mood Disorders - Washington State University Once she was able to limit her use to less than 12 ounces of soda a day, both her mental and physical health gradually improved. During this time, an individuals heart rate and respiration slow dramatically. Ebola virus disease (EVD), formerly known as Ebola haemorrhagic fever, is a rare but severe, often fatal illness in humans. Until recently, the United States Department of Justice routinely arrested people involved and seized marijuana used in medicinal settings. Tolerance can cause the user to increase the amount of drug used to a dangerous leveleven to the point of overdose and death. There may be many factors that contribute to insomnia, including age, drug use, exercise, mental status, and bedtime routines. How the brain's internal states affect decision-making There are individual differences in regard to our sleep-wake cycle. Ahallucinogenis one of a class of drugs that results in profound alterations in sensory and perceptual experiences (Figure 4.18). Increased prescriptions led to greater rates of misuse, along with greater incidence of addiction, even among patients who used these drugs as prescribed. Given the average life expectancy for U.S. citizens falls between 73 and 79 years old (Singh & Siahpush, 2006), we can expect to spend approximately 25 years of our lives sleeping. Obviously, regular narcoleptic episodes could interfere with the ability to perform ones job or complete schoolwork, and in some situations, narcolepsy can result in significant harm and injury (e.g., driving a car or operating machinery or other potentially dangerous equipment). Describe the diagnostic criteria for substance use disorders, Identify the neurotransmitter systems impacted by various categories of drugs, Describe how different categories of drugs affect behavior and experience, Understand the similarities and differences of hypnosis and meditation. Heavy meals may make you sleepy, but they can also lead to frequent awakenings due to gastric distress. As we move intostage 2 sleep, the body goes into a state of deep relaxation. Sleep apnea is much more common in overweight people and is often associated with loud snoring. This pattern of temperature fluctuation, which repeats every day, is one example of a circadian rhythm. According to the dissociation view, hypnosis is effectively a dissociated state of consciousness, much like our earlier example where you may drive to work, but you are only minimally aware of the process of driving because your attention is focused elsewhere. When he told me, I made him go see the college therapist. Latent content, on the other hand, refers to the hidden meaning of a dream. Several of the nurses interviewed commented that their work schedules affected their relationships with their family. Obstructive sleep apneaoccurs when an individuals airway becomes blocked during sleep, and air is prevented from entering the lungs. These synthetic drugs are so potent that even small doses can cause overdose and death. Therefore, it is quite likely that new medications that are developed to treat narcolepsy will be designed to target the hypocretin system. The early portion of stage 1 sleep producesalpha waves, which are relatively low frequency (813Hz), high amplitude patterns of electrical activity (waves) that become synchronized (Figure 4.8). Physical dependenceinvolves changes in normal bodily functionsthe user will experience withdrawal from the drug upon cessation of use. For example, she and her colleagues published a study in which women going through divorce were asked several times over a five-month period to report the degree to which their former spouses were on their minds. These initiatives include increasing access to treatment and recovery services, increasing access to overdose-reversal drugs like Naloxone, and implementing better public health monitoring systems (NIDA, 2019). Thus, K-complexes might serve as a bridge to higher levels of arousal in response to what is going on in our environments (Halsz, 1993; Steriade & Amzica, 1998). Historically, heroin has been a major opioid drug of abuse (Figure 4.17). Some people also experience altered states of consciousness through meditation, hypnosis, or alcohol and other drugs. The internal state of an object is the set of all its attributes' values. Adepressantis a drug that tends to suppress central nervous system activity. While hypnosis may be useful in enhancing memory or a skill, such enhancements are very modest in nature (Raz, 2011). For instance, some people would say they are morning people, while others would consider themselves to be night owls. Acetylcholine functions as a neurotransmitter in motor neurons. High doses increase agitation, paranoia, can cause hallucinations. Some people who have injected many times into their arms will show track marks, while other users will inject into areas between their fingers or between their toes, so as not to show obvious track marks and, like all abusers of intravenous drugs, have an increased risk for contraction of both tuberculosis and HIV. The FDAs 2013 recommendation for tighter controls on opiate prescriptions left many patients addicted to prescription drugs like OxyContin unable to obtain legitimate prescriptions. Abnormal Motor Behavior. As part of treatment, the sleeping environment is often modified to make it a safer place for those suffering from RBD (Zangini, Calandra-Buonaura, Grimaldi, & Cortelli, 2011). Physiologically, the body can become addicted to opiate drugs in less than a week, including when taken as prescribed. While caffeine may have some indirect effects on dopamine neurotransmission, its primary mechanism of action involves antagonizing adenosine activity (Porkka-Heiskanen, 2011). For example, body temperature fluctuates cyclically over a 24-hour period (Figure 4.2). Thus, opioid drugs, which mimic this endogenous painkilling mechanism, have an extremely high potential for abuse. This theory is supported by Ernest Hilgards research into hypnosis and pain. Avoid alcohol, cigarettes, caffeine, and heavy meals before bed. The pons is important for regulating rapid eye movement (REM) sleep (National Institutes of Health, n.d.). Five cardinal signs characterize this response: pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function. We might also experience unconscious states of being via drug-induced anesthesia for medical purposes. Add a comment. Jet lag is a collection of symptoms that results from the mismatch between our internal circadian cycles and our environment. Restless leg syndrome is quite common and has been associated with a number of other medical diagnoses, such as chronic kidney disease and diabetes (Mahowald & Schenck, 2000). Another evolutionary hypothesis of sleep holds that our sleep patterns evolved as an adaptive response to predatory risks, which increase in darkness. States of Consciousness - Psychology 2e - Maricopa Clonazepam, an anti-anxiety medication with sedative properties, is most often used to treat RBD. Research shows that the most severe effects of sleep deprivation occur when a person stays awake for more than 24 hours (Killgore & Weber, 2014; Killgore et al., 2007), or following repeated nights with fewer than four hours in bed (Wickens, Hutchins, Lauk, Seebook, 2015). Many individuals diagnosed with sleep apnea first seek treatment because their sleeping partners indicate that they snore loudly and/or stop breathing for extended periods of time while sleeping (Henry & Rosenthal, 2013). When people have difficulty getting sleep due to their work or the demands of day-to-day life, they accumulate a sleep debt. It may feel like alcohol helps you sleep, but it actually disrupts REM sleep and leads to frequent awakenings. Thepineal gland, an endocrine structure located inside the brain that releases melatonin, is thought to be involved in the regulation of various biological rhythms and of the immune system during sleep (Hardeland, Pandi-Perumal, & Cardinali, 2006). By analyzing dreams, Freud thought people could increase self-awareness and gain valuable insight to help them deal with the problems they faced in their lives. Two sleeping children are depicted in this 1895 oil painting titled. Many of these drugs, and their relationships, are shown inTable 4.2. Some forms of psychotherapy, such as cognitive-behavioral therapy, can help sufferers of insomnia. AK-complexis a very high amplitude pattern of brain activity that may in some cases occur in response to environmental stimuli. These behaviors vary widely, but they can include kicking, punching, scratching, yelling, and behaving like an animal that has been frightened or attacked. Often, however, people wishing to learn to meditate receive some training in techniques to achieve a meditative state. The consequences of sleep debt include decreased levels of alertness and mental efficiency. Infants younger than 12 months appear to be at the highest risk for SIDS, and boys have a greater risk than girls. A) a mole that looks cancerous B) nasal congestion C) change in heart rate D) issues with breathing Which of the following American health care systems is most known for requiring a referral from a primary care doctor in order to see a specialist?
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