Fudd. It had been under the control of various peoples and empires. His ancestors were largely concerned in the overthrow of the Assyrian empire. Unfortunately, certain scholars have used Nebuchadnezzars Tower of Babel Stele to say that the tower Nebuchadnezzar built became the inspiration for the Israelites tower of Babel storythat it was from this late, c. 600 b.c.e. 2:48, the president of this caste was also a prince of the province of Babylon. And the Babylonian kingdom continued until it fell to the Medes and Persians in 539 BC. The Ge'ez Conflict of Adam and Eve with Satan (c. 5th century) also contains a version similar to that in the Cave of Treasures, but the crown maker is called Santal, and the name of Noah's fourth son who instructs Nimrod is Barvin. I completed it raising its top to the heaven . The lower part of the tablet contains an inscription, describing Nebuchadnezzars tower-building programs. These stories later reappear in other sources including the 16th century Sefer haYashar, which adds that Nimrod had a son named Mardon who was even more wicked.[15]. Nothing has been disprovedonly the numerous theories of the critics. [21] The story is also found in the Talmud, and in rabbinical writings in the Middle Ages. : , , ? Hengstenberg has tested the historical truthfulness of the author of this book, by comparing his account of the Chaldean priest-caste with those of profane history. He is mentioned in I Chronicles 1: 10, Micah 5: 6 and in Genesis 10: 8b-9. [47] Nibru, in the Sumerian language, was the original name of the city of Nippur. After several centuries of rivalry between various Sumerian city-states such as Ur, Uruk, Lagash and Umma, the rulers of the city of Kish managed to establish supremacy over much of southern Mesopotamia. It is the critics who are almost monthly forced to move their goalpostsnot the Hebrew Bible, which has remained unchanged for well over 2,000 years. Their devotion to philosophy and their practice of astronomy gained them great credit with the powerful, which they turned to account by professing to predict the future and to interpret the visions of the imaginative and the distressed. Who Was Nebuchadnezzar? - YouTube Shadrach, Meshach, and Abednego (Hebrew names Hananiah, Mishael, and Azariah) are figures from the biblical Book of Daniel, primarily chapter 3.In the narrative, the three Hebrew men are thrown into a fiery furnace by Nebuchadnezzar II, King of Babylon for refusing to bow to the king's image. However, in another version, the Homilies (H 9:46), Nimrod is made to be the same as Zoroaster. [23] Ibrahim refutes him by stating that Allah brings the Sun up from the East, and so he asks the king to bring it from the West. 16 p. 737. Nimrod told him: Worship the water! regaled in the Bible as God's "shepherd" and "His anointed" (Isaiah 44:28-45:13), was not the same caliber of man as Nebuchadnezzar. This tablet describes two different religious towers, known as ziggurats: Etemenanki and Eurmeiminanki. Nebuchadnezzar's first notable act was the overthrow of . Other versions have Nimrod give to Abraham, as a conciliatory gift, the giant slave Eliezer, whom some accounts describe as Nimrod's own son (the Bible also mentions Eliezer as Abraham's majordomo, though not making any connection between him and Nimrod). He built cities, like wicked Cain, as memorials to man, rather than building altars to the living God as Noah and Abraham did ( Genesis 8:20; 12:7-8 ). The Hebrew text states that he was a mighty hunter before the Lord. The ascent to the top is on the outside, by a path which winds round all the towers. However, these Semites were again conquered by different nations, such as the Guti, Elamites, and Sumerians. Nimrod, according to Genesis 20:8, was a "mighty warrior." The Hebrew word here, gibbor, could potentially also mean "tyrant," though it is used many other times in the Bible simply to refer to. 14 Hengstenberg has tested the historical truthfulness of the author of this book, by comparing his account of the Chaldean priest-caste with those of profane history. Both were wicked and destroyed the people of God, King Nebuchadnezzar converted to Judism in the end. After a period of Assyrian control, Babylon became self-governing again under Chaldean rule, and seized the reign of the known world. And that he would avenge himself on God for destroying their forefathers. Modern Babylon. The expressions of Scripture give us exalted ideas of its size and splendor, while they assign its wickedness as a reason for the complete destruction by which it was annihilated. The language of both Jonah and Nahum imply exactly what the buried sculptures have exhibited to us, a state of society highly organized, with various ranks, from the sovereign to the soldier and the workman, yet effeminated by luxury and self-indulgence. Sieb., also lib. Did Nimrod or Nebuchadnezzar build the Tower of Babel? (2023) In rabbinical writings up to the present, he is almost invariably referred to as "Nimrod the Evil" (Hebrew: ). : ! Gesenius, in his Lectures on Biblical Archaeology, reminds us of their being first tributary to the Assyrians, of their subsequent occupation of the plains of Mesopotamia for some centuries previously to their becoming the conquerors of Asia under successful leaders. Nebuchadnezzar II Timeline - World History Encyclopedia Nebuchadnezzar was a powerful king of Babylon who reigned from about 605 BC until around 562 BC.As a conqueror of Jerusalem and an architect of Jewish captiv. The Tower of Babel Stele is a black ceremonial stone, about 50 centimeters (20 inches) tall, discovered just over a century ago among the ruins of the city of Babylon. The authorities are quoted at length, and the whole subject is ably elucidated. The origin of this monarchy is involved in great obscurity, and we are at this moment in a transition state with respect to our knowledge of its history. "in the face of Yahweh") as signifying "in opposition to the Lord"; a similar interpretation is found in Pseudo-Philo, as well as later in Symmachus. [7] Flavius Josephus believed that it was likely under his direction that the building of Babel and its tower began; in addition to Josephus, this is also the view found in the Talmud (Chullin 89a, Pesahim 94b, Erubin 53a, Avodah Zarah 53b), and later midrash such as Genesis Rabba. The Birs Cylinders are a series of clay cylinders dating to c. 600 b.c.e., discovered by Sir Henry Rawlinson during the mid-19th century at the Babylonian site of Borsippa. ", ;) they were situated north of Judea, and are identical with the people who should, according to Jeremiah, destroy the temple from the north. So the Lord scattered them abroad from thence upon the face of all the earth: and they left off to build the city. Nimrod started his kingdom at Babylon ( Genesis 10:10 ). At the Battle of Carchemish in 605 BC, Nebuchadnezzar inflicted a crushing defeat on an Egyptian army led by Pharaoh Necho II, and ensured that the Neo-Babylonian Empire would succeed the Neo-Assyrian Empire as the dominant power in the ancient Near East. The nickname 'Nimrod' was used mockingly in the 1914 novel by Robert Tressell in The Ragged Trousered Philanthropists. Shortly after this victory, Nabopolassar died and Nebuchadnezzar became king. of Arabia, volume 1 p. 54, and volume 2 p. 210. 4 3, 5 6, 7 8. There is a very brief mention of Nimrod in the Book of Mormon: "(and the name of the valley was Nimrod, being called after the mighty hunter)". "[50] Although Lee may have been sarcastically referring to the student as a "tyrant or skillful hunter", the modern usage more closely fits his message. Nimrod is thus given attributes of two archetypal cruel and persecuting kings - Nebuchadnezzar and Pharaoh. The Bibleas well as early secular historiesprovide the explanation. [41] Hislop attributed to Semiramis and Nimrod the invention of polytheism and, with it, goddess worship, and that their incestuous male offering was Tammuz. b. Nimrod therefore paved the way for men to start eating meat and changed their diets from vegan to omnivore. From the fourth verse of chapter 2 (Daniel 2:4) we learn that they spoke the Aramaic dialect, which the Alexandrine Version, as well as Theodotion's, denominates the Syriac. The part in which this appears, the Genesis Rabbah (Chapter 38, 13), is considered to date from the sixth century. 1 p. 314. ff. It further adds that Nimrod "saw in the sky a piece of black cloth and a crown". 26. Several of these early Judaic sources also assert that the king Amraphel, who wars with Abraham later in Genesis, is none other than Nimrod himself. On this stele, we may have a glimpse into what the tower of Babel looked likeor, at least, what Nebuchadnezzars reconstruction of it looked like. Clio. Strabo also informs us that the same language was used throughout all the regions on the banks of the Euphrates. Biblical Data: The son of Nabopolassar; became king of Babylon in 604 B.C. 1 See his Notes on Isaiah, chapter 23. p. 132; and Herod. In the left-hand corner of the tablet there is a diagram of a large, seven-storied tower; above it, a separate floor plan of the massive edifice. who uses precisely the same expression, recording its circumference as four hundred and eighty stadia, with high and broad walls. An., lib. Still elsewhere, he mentions another king Nimrod, son of Canaan, as the one who introduced astrology and attempted to kill Abraham. 23.) Gronov., p. 40. And Babylonia became weaker than the controlling Hittite and Egyptian kingdoms. Now it was Nimrod who excited them to such an affront and contempt of God. as Assyria was on the decline; died 561.His name, either in this spelling or in the more correct form, Nebuchadrezzar (from the original, "Nabu-kudurri-uur" = "Nebo, defend my boundary"), is found more than ninety times in the Old Testament.. Slays Jehoiakim. However, this traditional identification of the cities built by Nimrod in Genesis is no longer accepted by modern scholars, who consider them to be located in Sumer, not Syria. Beginning with the words: "When King Nimrod went out to the fields/ Looked at the heavens and at the stars/He saw a holy light in the Jewish quarter/A sign that Abraham, our father, was about to be born", the song gives a poetic account of the persecutions perpetrated by the cruel Nimrod and the miraculous birth and deeds of the savior Abraham. [10] Versions of this story are again picked up in later works such as Apocalypse of Pseudo-Methodius (7th century AD). Thus, according to Diodorus Siculus, Belesys was the chief president of the priests, "whom the Babylonians call Chaldeans," 15 and governor of Babylon. He describes this tower as an important ancient Babylonian edifice built by a former king that, for some reason or other, the workers stopped short in finishingthey did not finish its head. Why not? Lee describes a "young nimrod from the West", who in declining an appointment to West Point expressed the concern that "I hope my country will not be endangered by my doing so. : , ? Citing examples of God's power, he asks: "Has He not, in past days, caused Abraham, in spite of His seeming helplessness, to triumph over the forces of Nimrod? Later, Masudi lists Nimrod as the first king of Babylon, and states that he dug great canals and reigned 60 years. The two believers were Solomon (Sulayman in Islamic texts) and Dhul Qarnayn, and the two disbelievers were Nebuchadnezzar II and Nimrod. While men after the flood were likely vegans who continued to fear animals, Nimrod showed uncharacteristic fearless bravery in not only hunting animals but also eating them. 10; Micah v. 5 [A. V. 6]). Borsippa today lies in ruins; however, the imposing remains of the ziggurat still tower to a height of 52 meters above the plain. ", "Surat Al-Baqarah [2:258] - The Noble Qur'an - ", "Ibn Kathir: Story of Prophet Ibrahim/Abraham (pbuh)", "Sammu-Ramat and Semiramis: The Inspiration and the Myth", "Enmerkar and the lord of Aratta: translation", Current Ummah of Islam (Ummah of Muhammad), ibn Abdullah ibn Abdul-Muttalib ibn Hashim, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nimrod&oldid=1140003548, Articles with incomplete citations from March 2017, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles containing Imperial Aramaic (700-300 BCE)-language text, Articles with unsourced statements from January 2022, Articles with unsourced statements from March 2022, Articles with unsourced statements from December 2021, Articles needing additional references from September 2021, All articles needing additional references, Pages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback via Module:Annotated link, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, In the Monster Hunter International series by, Mother Abiona or Amtelai the daughter of Karnebo. Cyclop., Art. (, , etc.) The view of Gesenius in his Lectures at Halle in 1839, quoted in "The Times of Daniel," appears preferable, -- "The Chaldeans had their original seat on the east of the Tigris, south of Armenia, which we now call Koordistan; and, like the Koords in our day, they were warlike mountaineers, without agriculture, shepherds and robbers, and also mercenaries in the Assyrian army; so Xenophon found them." ), describes a tower built in Babylon and a deity who set out to confound their speeches. Another text, dating approximately 1,400 years earlier (c. 2100 b.c.e. You can read about them in our article The Tower of Babel: Just a Bible Story?, The Babylonian kings account of the biblical colossus, The Schyen Collection MS 2063, Oslo and London, Smithsonian Channel/Christian News Network. As translated above, Nebuchadnezzar literally calls this monument the Tower of Babylon. "For this reason people who knew nothing about it, said that a crown came down to him from heaven." From this effeminate king his Chaldean general Nabopolassar wrested Babylon, and reigned over his native country twenty-one years. Other traditional stories also exist around Nimrod, which have resulted in him being referenced as a tyrant in Muslim cultures. Nimrod, Nebuchadnezzar & The Goddess Connection - YouTube Copyright In the History of the Prophets and Kings by the 9th century Muslim historian al-Tabari, Nimrod has the tower built in Babil, Allah destroys it, and the language of mankind, formerly Syriac, is then confused into 72 languages. But these 600 b.c.e. Several ruins of the Middle East have been named after him.[3]. From this opinion we entirely dissent. This is repeated in the First Book of Chronicles 1:10, and the "Land of Nimrod" used as a synonym for Assyria or Mesopotamia, is mentioned in the Book of Micah 5:6: And they shall waste the land of Assyria with the sword, and the land of Nimrod in the entrances thereof: thus shall he deliver us from the Assyrian, when he cometh into our land, and when he treadeth within our borders. Ed., 1848. He would suffer with this affliction for 7 years, until one day when he looked up to heaven and gave God the glory. NIMROD - Who was he? Was he godly or evil? - WebBible Encyclopedia 2. He was known for his military might, the splendour of his capital, Babylon, and his important part in Jewish history. Praepar., lib. [citation needed], A portent in the stars tells Nimrod and his astrologers of the impending birth of Abraham, who would put an end to idolatry. Nebuchadnezzar was from Babylon or Persia which is modern day Iraq. Forster, indeed, has argued at considerable length in favor of their Arabian origin, and supposes them the well known Beni Khaled, a horde of Bedouin Arabs. The records of succeeding ages are too few to enable us to follow the stream of history: we have nothing to guide us but myths, and legends, and traditionary sovereigns, whose names are but the fictions of imagination. One thing Nebuchadnezzar isnt generally known for, though, is a link with the tower of Babelthe attempt by Nimrod to build a tower up to heaven, dashed by Gods confounding of the languages (Genesis 11). The views of Hengstenberg are usually so correct, that the student may generally adopt them at once as his own. A small handful of artifacts, however, help show an interesting link between Nebuchadnezzar and the biblical colossus. But Babylon did not disappear. The Etemenanki ziggurat (again, a likely parallel to the Borsippa tower) is also described by fifth-century b.c.e. The Bible reveals that at the core of . The term "nimrod" is sometimes used in English to mean either a tyrant or a skillful hunter. 4 Among the evil dictators in recent history, Saddam stands unique in his insatiable lust and selfish preoccupation with his own power and glory. Proof of his exploits, as described in the Bible, has been evidenced heavily in archaeology: his role as king of Babylon, his defeat of the Egyptian army, his repeat sieges of Jerusalem, his installation of a puppet king (Zedekiah), and his final destruction of Jerusalem c. 586 b.c.e. It had been under the control of various peoples and empires. 8 Vaux quotes Dicaearchus, a Greek historian of the time of Alexander the Great, as alluding to a certain Chaldean, a king of Assyria, who is supposed to have built Babylon; and in later times, Chaldea implied the whole of Mesopotamia around Babylon, which had also the name of Shiner. This translation calls this massive, unfinished tower the most ancient monument of Babylon. Real Answers. [citation needed], A confrontation is also found in the Quran, between a king, not mentioned by name, and Ibrahim (Arabic for "Abraham"). The view of Gesenius in his Lectures at Halle in 1839, quoted in "The Times of Daniel," appears preferable, -- "The Chaldeans had their original seat on the east of the Tigris, south of Armenia, which we now call Koordistan; and, like the Koords in our day, they were warlike mountaineers, without agriculture, shepherds and robbers, and also mercenaries in the Assyrian army; so Xenophon found them.". [citation needed] Some Jewish traditions also identified him with Cyrus, whose birth according to Herodotus was accompanied by portents, which made his grandfather try to kill him. He had completed 42 [cubits? The partial translation follows: Nebuchadnezzar, king of Babylon am I: In order to complete [the towers] Etemenanki and Eurmeiminanki, I mobilized all countries everywhere the base I filled in to make a high terrace. [25] Nimrod is also mentioned in one of the earliest writings of the Bb (the herald of the Bah Faith). Similarly, Targum Pseudo-Jonathan (date uncertain) mentions a Jewish tradition that Nimrod left Shinar in southern Mesopotamia and fled to Assyria in northern Mesopotamia, because he refused to take part in building the Towerfor which God rewarded him with the four cities in Assyria, to substitute for the ones in Babel. Their religion and their language are also of importance. Later, Mesopotamia was conquered by Hurrians and Kassites. : , - , ! 12 Diodorus Siculus calls the Chaldeans the most ancient inhabitants of Babylonia, and assigns to their astrologers a similar position to that of the Egyptian priests. Said [Nimrod] to him: You pile words upon words, I bow to none but the firein it shall I throw you, and let the God to whom you bow come and save you from it! [citation needed] The word Chasdim in the Hebrew and Chasdaim in the Chaldee dialects, is clearly the same as the Greek Caldai~oi; and Gesenius supposing the root to have been originally card, refers them to the race inhabiting the mountains called by Xenophon Carduchi. There is even a possible reference to the Prophet Daniels three friends on one of Nebuchadnezzars clay tablets (see here for more information). It was in this area that Nimrod was born, and would eventually depart from to establish the following important "Middle Eastern" Biblical cities (Genesis 10:10):. More recently, Sumerologists have suggested additionally connecting both this Euechoios, and the king of Babylon and grandfather of Gilgamos who appears in the oldest copies of Aelian (c. 200 AD) as Euechoros, with the name of the founder of Uruk known from cuneiform sources as Enmerkar. There it is said that Nimrod "dreamed a dream" which his soothsayers interpreted as signifying the birth of a new star in heaven. Forster, indeed, has argued at considerable length in favor of their Arabian origin, and supposes them the well known Beni Khaled, a horde of Bedouin Arabs. [46] The word Nibru in the East Semitic Akkadian language of Akkad, Assyria and Babylonia comes from a root meaning to 'pursue' or to make 'one flee', and as Rawlinson pointed out not only does this closely resemble Nimrod's name but it also perfectly fits the description of Nimrod in Genesis 10:9 as a great hunter. Since the city of Akkad was destroyed and lost with the destruction of its Empire in the period 22002154 BC (long chronology), the much later biblical stories mentioning Nimrod seem to recall the late Early Bronze Age. They are not mentioned by name again in the books of Scripture till many centuries afterwards they had become a mighty nation. : . He also said he would be revenged on God, if he should have a mind to drown the world again; for that he would build a tower too high for the waters to reach. The identification with Ninus follows that of the Clementine Recognitions; the one with Zoroaster, that of the Clementine Homilies, both works part of Clementine literature. A number of city-states were formed in the basins of the Tigris and Euphrates at a very early age. Nebuchadnezzar ii is one of the most infamous kings of the Bible. [43] Grabbe and others have rejected the book's arguments as based on a flawed understanding of the texts,[43][44] but variations of them are accepted among some groups of evangelical Protestants.[43][44]. His Successors. Early in the Book of Genesis we read of Nimrod, the grandson of Ham, as the founder of an extensive monarchy in the land of Shinar. Nebuchadnezzar was a reincarnation of Nimrod, and the statue was a "reincarnation" of the Tower of Babel. 16, and Euseb. [Nimrod] told him: Worship the cloud! [9] Several Mesopotamian ruins were given Nimrod's name by 8th-century AD Muslim Arabs, including the ruins of the Assyrian city of Kalhu (the biblical Calah), which was in reality built by Shalmaneser I (12741244 BC)[4], A number of attempts to connect him with historical figures have been made without any success. Clearly, we cannot know from these discoveries precisely what the original tower of Babel looked like, or even if Nebuchadnezzar really did rebuild his tower over the right spotthere is still much debate as to the location of the tower of Babels ruins. : . Birs Cylinders The association with Erech (Babylonian Uruk), a city that lost its prime importance around 2,000 BCE as a result of struggles between Isin, Larsa and Elam, also attests the early provenance of the stories of Nimrod. -- The original language of this people is a point of great interest to the biblical critic. [20], In Jewish and Islamic traditions, a confrontation between Nimrod and Abraham is said to have taken place. Nimrod was an affront to God because of his support for a false polytheistic religion, his attempt to dethrone God by building a tower raised against Heaven, and his tyrannical rule over people. Ancestors and Successors of Nebuchadnezzar The word, in the Chaldee dialects, is clearly the same as the Greek, and Gesenius supposing the root to have been originally, refers them to the race inhabiting the mountains called by Xenophon. The dates assigned to these events vary considerably; the following may be trusted as the result of careful comparison. "[26], The story of Abraham's confrontation with Nimrod did not remain within the confines of learned writings and religious treatises, but also conspicuously influenced popular culture. 2:48, the president of this caste was also a prince of the province of Babylon. he was prideful)? The next king mentioned in Scriptures is Tiglath-Pileser, whose name we have lately connected with Pul and Ashur; and after him follow Shalmaneser, Sennacherib, and Esarhaddon, the three kings who are thought to have built the palace at Khorsabad, founded Mespila, and constructed the lions in the south-west palace of Nimroud. Son of Cush and grandson of Ham; his name has become proverbial as that of a mighty hunter. His Successors. The "Pul" of 2 Kings 15:19, was by no means the founder of the monarchy, as Sir Isaac Newton and others have supposed; he was but one amidst those "servants of Bar," whose names are now legible on the Nimroud obelisk in the British Museum. In the New Monthly Magazine for August and September 1845, there are two articles very full of illustration of our subject, by W. F. Ainsworth, entitled, The Rivers and Cities of Babylonia. Now the multitude were very ready to follow the determination of Nimrod, and to esteem it a piece of cowardice to submit to God; and they built a tower, neither sparing any pains, nor being in any degree negligent about the work: and, by reason of the multitude of hands employed in it, it grew very high, sooner than any one could expect; but the thickness of it was so great, and it was so strongly built, that thereby its great height seemed, upon the view, to be less than it really was. Archaeology has shown that Babylons history goes backsurprise, surpriseto c. 2300 b.c.e. One thing Nebuchadnezzar isn't generally known for, though, is a link with the tower of Babelthe attempt by Nimrod to build a tower up to heaven, dashed by God's confounding of the languages (Genesis 11). was the founder of what is termed the Chaldean, or Neo-Babylonian, Empire. The commentaries on this Surah offer a wide variety of embellishments of this narrative, one of which by Ibn Kathir, a 14th-century scholar, adding that Nimrod showed his rule over life and death by killing a prisoner and freeing another. Hungarian legends held that twin sons of King Nimrd, Hunor and Magor were the ancestors of the Huns and the Magyars (Hungarians) respectively, siring their children through the two daughters of King Dul of the Alans, whom they kidnapped after losing track of the silver stag whilst hunting. It must never be forgotten that many centuries elapsed between Noah and Solomon, and that the most ancient profane history is comparatively modern. 7 Facts You Didn't Know about Nimrod in the Bible - Crosswalk , . He confronts Nimrod and tells him face-to-face to cease his idolatry, whereupon Nimrod orders him burned at the stake. This Amorite Empire, of which Hammurabi was the most significant king, came to embrace all of Mesopotamia and spread into Syria, like the Akkadian Empire of Sargon. In still other versions, Nimrod does not give up after the Tower fails, but goes on to try storming Heaven in person, in a chariot driven by birds. What was the background of Nebuchadnezzars kingdom? NIMROD - JewishEncyclopedia.com The mid-third millennium B.C.E. [35], In 1920, J. D. Prince also suggested a possible link between the Lord (Ni) of Marad and Nimrod. Its temples and its palaces had become so encrusted in the soil during eight centuries of men, that Strabo knows it only as a waste, and Tacitus treats it as a Castellum; and in the thirteenth century of our era, Abulfaragius confirms the prophecy of Nahum and the narrative of Tacitus, by recording nothing but the existence of a small fortification on the eastern bank of the Tigris. The Book of Judith informs us of an important engagement at Ragau between this Assyrian king and Arphaxad the king of the Medes. Later influence modified the legend in the Mesopotamian tradition, adding such details as the hero's name, his territory and some of his deeds, and most important his title, "King of Kish". And the Lord said, Behold, the people is one, and they have all one language . 5 Bk. Nimrod, Mighty Hunter and King - Who Was He? - TheTorah.com For other uses, see, Pages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback, Depending on how the text is read, "Calneh" may be the fourth city name in this enumeration, or it may be part of an expression meaning "all of them in Shinar".
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